The Educational and Race Issue on Everyday Use

Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday Use Auliya Atika F. Auliya Atika F. Mr. Gindho Rizano M. Hum Prose II May 24, 2012 Final Task Examination The Educational and Race Issue in Everyday Use Everyday Use is a part of the short story collection In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Woman (1973) by Alice Walker (Wikipedia). Alice Walker is an African – American blooded who often made issues about African – American itself mostly in her works . Everyday Use is one of her outstanding work which got many appreciation from literary’s devotees.This story itself is telling about an unlucky family who consist of Mama and her two daughters, where is a quarrel between Mama and her oldest daughter and also how her youngest daughter who have a very self low-esteem perceive any conflicts at their home. For this chance, I want to discuss the related topic which prominent enough to this stories, there are two things I want to discuss, the first is the educational issues betwe en the characters, especially about the contrary among Mama and Maggie with Dee.And the second is race issues which contain in some parts of this story. The characters of Mama and Maggie in this story described is not get a good education facilities because of some unexperctable problem: â€Å"I never had an education myself. After second grade the school was closed down† (page 3). Although she and her youngest sister just couldn’t reach the proper education, her oldest sister, Dee could enjoy school until college now and she even studied in a prestigious boarding Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday Use Auliya Atika F. school at other city.Dee at her sixteen age already have her own unique style, from head to toe, so bright and colorful, and ever her hairstyle which Mama can’t tolerance it anymore from the bottom of her heart: â€Å"A dress down to the ground, in this hot weather. A dress so loud it hurts my eyes †¦. I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out† (page 4). Mama actually hopes by sending Dee to the highest level of education, she could get into the moment to share any knowledge as large as Dee got from school: â€Å"†¦we raised the money, the church and me, to send her to Augusta to school. † (page 2).And the best point of expentacy of Mama sending her to school is in order to Dee more appreciate her in any things. Mama hopes Dee could appreciate Mama’s large and manly body, Mama’s dark skin, and how Mama acted like a strong man and she loves it a lots. It is a very simple hope from a mother to a daughter actually, but Dee definitely couldn’t make it at all. Dee just come back home after a long time since the last time she came with her more arrogant style towards her own family. She even greet Mama with the strange greetings language â€Å"Wa-su-zo Tean-o,†, which actually an African language.She comes to home with a strange boy who she introduced to Mama as her boyfriend. Her lofty style towards Mama, and how she threats Mama and Maggie bad, as she’s much better on any points than both of them are the result of what we get from studied on years. She’s just alienated herself and make her own arrogant cogitation about her life. Ironically Maggie who just never left home and having a traumatic problems because of she almost burned of fire at her home in the past. Her body just shuffled when she walks and her chin always bend down. She’s kind of a very nervous girl and just taking anything given to her.She’s very unconfindent with her lack of education and very suffered of her serious shyness towards society out there. Eventhough Mama always says to her that someday she will marry John Thomas and sooner after then will gain her self confident and could be a stronger woman. We can see the ironic contradiction between those two siblings and how education and the lack of it could give them dangerous impact s to their each other life. Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday Use Auliya Atika F. The race issue also coloring this story in some aspects.Alice Walker itself actually is African-American and like to mold the topic about race on her works. The stories in the collection book where this short stories published is taking the setting place around Walker’s home where contains of cultural mixing between the modern New York City and the East Africa Nation Uganda (Sparknotes). And also the characters in this story possibly reflected the author’s family. Walker is the youngest child of eight children in her family. Shes growing up during 1960’s-1970’s, and during that time she must to do a lot of work in her young age.Woman in this era still expected to do the house works stuff, such cooked, cleaned the house, etc. But it is actually is quite different with this story, because Mama ever tell about how she is doing some works which man used to do it, and in t he actual African-American tradition, it is not suitable for woman who doing the man’s work: I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands. . . . I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls during the day. I can kill a hog as mercilessly as a man. My fat keeps me hot in zero weather.I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open fire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog. One winter I knocked a bull calf straight in the brain between the eyes with a sledge hammer and had the meat hung up to chill before nightfall. (page 1). We can observe the racism elements in this story firstly through Mama’s character. How she described her own appearance and and her life background and also how people think of her: â€Å"Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye? (page 2). Another point which indicate the race element in this story is how Mama is comparing the skin color between she and her daughters: â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure. † (page 2). The African traditional culture in this stories also could be seen in the last part which Mama is arguing with Dee concerning the quilts, as their family heritage. Dee is really wanting the quilts, but Mama keep insistent to grant the grandmother’s command to give them to Maggie, it is a culture or that she keeps Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday Use Auliya Atika F. n and don’t want to break it: â€Å"I†¦snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangero’s hands and dumped them into Maggie’s lap†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 9). The quilts itself used to wear and as a piece of uniforms that Dee’s grandfather wore during the civil war, it could be a symbolizes about Black-American suffering experiences. We could also observe the race issue through Dee’s character. The change of Dee’s n ame into an African name â€Å"Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo† actually because she wants to protest being named after the people who have oppressed her: â€Å"I couldn’t bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me† (Page 4)..By changing her name, she seemed doesn’t want to be associated with her family’s culture and she feels freedom after her name have changed. And although her new name is African name, but she doesn’t related it at all into her family. After being a more educational and smart woman who studied until the high level, Dee even felt ashamed with her family reality life: â€Å"She wrote me once that no matter where we â€Å"choose† to live, she will manage to come see us. But she will never bring her friends. † (page 3). She is even unaware to comprehend herself to learn making quilts, a traditional heritage from her family.She just looked the quilts through the material value, not from heritage va lue. Heritage or generation, it is not a symbolize of her family traditions, she just wear it without any meaning at all. Dee’s view on the value of family culture and tradition value seemed very contrast with Mama and her sister, Maggie. Mama and Maggie think that traditions are something eternal and no longer definited as an â€Å"Everyday Use†, it is always planted in their heart and mind as an admiration to their ancestors who have built these traditions since a very long time ago.As in the beginning of the story, Mama as a narrator proudly introduced herself as a strong African-American woman. Obviously we can conclude that the both issues I discuss this time is very related to each other in this story. The first is the educational issue that happened among the main characters, Mama and Maggie with Dee. Mama and Maggie who forced to give up their school since the beginner grade is very contrary with Dee who could continue her study until the high level, college. B ut the high education that Dee could Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday UseAuliya Atika F. reach apparently couldn’t shape her become into a polite woman and a good children. She’s become arrogant with her high intellectual level, she unaware with her family cultural and traditions and even more underestimate her mother. And although Mama and Maggie are low in educational, but they have a highly appreciation to their own culture and tradition. So, the second issue which is about race could joint to the previous issue, the educational issue. Alice Walker is very famous to drop the race issue in her mostly works.In this story the race issues could we find out through the characteristics of especially Mama and Dee. Dee who have been in the year of college, but her appreciation to their family tradition is become weaker and make her be arrogant and underestimating her own family. Her intellect maybe has been killed her respect. So the education couldn’t determ ine someone become also better in her mindset and behavior. Works Cited Walker, Alice. Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Woman: Everyday Use. 1973 Klarer, Mario. An Introduction to Literary Studies (Second Edition). (London: Routledge, 2004) 103-115. www. wikipedia. org/Everyday_Use

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But this is by the way. † -Robinson here start to talk about how he's very comfortable and happy of his island and his people that they allowed their lives to him, and mention that he allowed liberty of conscience throughout his dom inions. religious freedom† Chapter: 27 Page: 220-221 â€Å"He told me they were all of them very civil, honest men, and they were under the greatest distress imaginable, having neither weapons nor clothes, nor any food, but at the mercy and discretion of the savages; out of all hopes of ever returning to their own country; and that he was sure, if I would undertake their relief, they would live and die by me. † When Robinson was afraid of the Spaniard's men and he might be ill used for his kindness to them and make his case worse than it was before the Spaniard start to tell him about their case and their condition after that Robinson resolved to venture to relieve them. Chapter: 27 Page:224 â€Å"I was fast asleep in my hutch one morning, when my man Friday came running in to me, and called aloud, â€Å"Master, master, they are come, they are come! I jumped up, and regardless of danger I went, as soon as I could get my clothes on, through my little grove, which, by t he way, was by this time grown to be a very thick wood; I say, regardless of danger I went without my arms, which was not my custom to do; but I was surprised when, turning my eyes to the sea, I presently saw a boat at about a league and a half distance, standing in for the shore, with a shoulder-of-mutton sail, as they call it, and the wind blowing pretty fair to bring them in: also I observed, presently, that they did not come from that side which the shore lay on, but from the southernmost end of the island.Upon this I called Friday in, and bade him lie close, for these were not the people we looked for, and that we might not know yet whether they were friends or enemies. † -Here when Robinson jumped up and went out without his arms. He thought that the boat is for his friend but he found out that they're an Englishmen. He was onfused because they might be his countrymen and friends or enemies and because of that he starts to observe them. Chapter: 28 Page: 226-227 This put me in mind of the first time when I came on shore, and began to look about me; how I gave myself over for lost; how wildly I looked round me; what dreadful apprehensions I had; and how I lodged in the tree all night for fear of being devoured by wild beasts. † -Robinson said that after he saw three prisoners with the Englishmen and after he observed the outrageous usage by the seamen they remind him of himself. Chapter: 28 Page: 228-229 â€Å"I came as near them undiscovered as I could, and then, before any of them saw me, I called aloud to them in Spanish, â€Å"What are ye, gentlemen? They started up at the noise, but were ten times more confounded when they saw me, and the uncouth figure that I made. They made no answer at all, but I thought I perceived them just going to fly from me, when I spoke to them in English. â€Å"Gentlemen,† said I, â€Å"do not be surprised at me; perhaps you may have a friend near when you did not expect it. † â€Å"He must be sent directly from heaven then,† said one of them very gravely to me, and pulling off his hat at the same time to me; â€Å"for our condition is past the help of man. â€Å"All help is from heaven, sir,† said I, â€Å"but can you put a stranger in the way to help you? for you seem to be in some great distress. I saw you when you landed; and when you seemed to make application to the brutes that came with you, I saw one of them lift up his sword to kill you. † -Robinson catch the right time when most of the seamen were sleeping and go to the prisoners and talk with them and ask them about their condition and asked them how can help them. After that he found out that one of them is the captain of the boat his men have mutinied against him.And the other his mate and a passenger. Chapter:28 Page:230 â€Å"my conditions are but two; first, that while you stay in this island with me, you will not pretend to any authority here; and if I put arms in your hands, you wil l, upon all occasions, give them up to me, and do no prejudice to me or mine upon this island, and in the meantime be governed by my orders; secondly, that if the ship is or may be recovered, you will carry me and my man to England passage free. † -When Robinson agreed to venture upon their deliverance and to recovered the boat . his was his conditions with the captain and the two men and they accepted that and said that they would live and die with him so according to that Robinson gave them arms and pistol and musket so they complete their plan and succeed and kill the two who was the cause of the revolution and control the rest. Chapter:28 Page:239 â€Å"At length they came up to the boat: but it is impossible to express their confusion when they found the boat fast aground in the creek, the tide ebbed out, and their two men gone.We could hear them call one to another in a most lamentable manner, telling one another they were got into an enchanted island; that either there were inhabitants in it, and they should all be murdered, or else there were devils and spirits in it, and they should be all carried away and devoured. † -Robinson ordered Friday and the captain's mate with him to make a trick for the seamen which is to halloo as loud as they could to draw the seamen as far into the island and among the woods as possible. So Robinson can go to the boat and deal with the men inside it.And when they came back to the boat deadly tired they and didn’t find their men. Chapter: 28 Page:240-241 â€Å"In a word, they all laid down their arms and begged their lives; and I sent the man that had parleyed with them, and two more, who bound them all; and then my great army of fifty men, which, with those three, were in all but eight, came up and seized upon them, and upon their boat; only that I kept myself and one more out of sight for reasons of state. † -now each and everyone of the seamen yield to them and they won the battle.Chapter:29 Page:245 â€Å"I was at first ready to sink down with the surprise; for I saw my deliverance, indeed, visibly put into my hands, all things easy, and a large ship just ready to carry me away whither I pleased to go. At first, for some time, I was not able to answer him one word; but as he had taken me in his arms I held fast by him, or I should have fallen to the ground. † -When the captain recover the boat he gave Robinson a boat so he couldn’t express his feelings he was so happy and surprised.And he thought the captain was sent to him from heaven to deliver him. Chapter:29 Page: 246 â€Å"When we had talked a while, the captain told me he had brought me some little refreshment, such as the ship afforded, and such as the wretches that had been so long his masters had not plundered him of. † -Here we notice the love between the captain and Robinson from this quotation we read what the captain bring to Robinson many kind of food and cloth. Robinson was very happ y with it and as he said â€Å"he clothed me from head to feet† Chapter:29 Page:247-248 I could not tell what was best for them, unless they had a mind to take their fate in the island. If they desired that, as I had liberty to leave the island, I had some inclination to give them their lives, if they thought they could shift on shore. † _Robinson let the prisoners choose their fate to stay in the island if they want but the captain doesn’t want to leave them in the island. Chapter:29 Page:248 â€Å"When they had all declared their willingness to stay, I then told them I would let them into the story of my living there, and put them into the way of making it easy to them.Accordingly, I gave them the whole history of the place, and of my coming to it; showed them my fortifications, the way I made my bread, planted my corn, cured my grapes; and, in a word, all that was necessary to make them easy. † -When all the prisoners declared their willingness to stay. Robinson start to tell them about the place history and some ways to make their life easier and give them his firearms and description of the way he managed the goats and how to make both butter and cheese and give them some food which the captain had brought him to eat and bade them be sure to sow and increase them .Chapter:29 Page:250 â€Å"In this vessel, after a long voyage, I arrived in England the 11th of June, in the year 1687, having been thirty-five years absent. † -Robinson left the island The 19th of December in the year 1686 after he had upon it eight and twenty years two months and nineteen and arrived in England the 11th of June in the year 1687.

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Media Convergence - Essay Example Or as Jenkins (2006) states, there is a cooperation between all multiple media industries, and media audiences will look for information where they can find it. This essay will look at convergence and what is meant by it, and will look, briefly, at the dangers of convergence, then will examine the Astral-Bell merger and analyze the merger from the voices of the people and the voices of the individuals who are behind the merger. Media Convergence According to Jenkins (2004) there is an inherent danger in media convergence, in that the multinational media conglomerates have the potential, and live up to this potential, to dominate every sector of the entertainment industry. Thus, the power elite had the potential to rule the airwaves, putting out its message to the masses, and the message is the message that benefits the corporations and the powerful (Brenkman, 1979). The media may be associated with large structural forces (Havens, et al., 2009). And the message may become more like p ropaganda, which makes the mass media more of a propaganda machine than a marketplace for free ideas (Murray, 2005). Giroux (2004) states that one of the dangers of media convergence, when certain corporations become too powerful, is that the message that goes out to the people is the message that benefits the corporations that own these multi-media conglomerates, which is the message of the neo-liberal – low taxes, deregulation and private enterprise is good, the opposite is bad, and an unequal distribution of wealth in society is a good thing. This is because the corporations that own these conglomerates are the very corporations that would benefit the most in this kind of society of profit above all else. Media convergence has the power to do the bidding of powerful people (Rossman, 2004), such as when Clear Channel, which is a multimedia conglomerate based in the United States, organized a boycott against the country group The Dixie Chicks, after the lead singer, Natalie Maines, told a crowd that she was embarrassed to be from the same state as George W. Bush, and Clear Channel, wanting to get favorable legislation for its plans to expand, organized the boycott to please the Bush Administration. In short, media convergence has the potential for great harm. Too much power in any one hands would cause the marketplace of ideas to falter, and the message that is disseminated will be the message that is crafted by this particular entity. It is in this context that the merger between Bell and Astral will be examined. The Bell-Astral Merger The View of the People According to Winseck (2012), the Bell-Astral merger refer to the fact that Bell is attempting to buy Astral media, and this would represent a major deal between the largest Telecom-Media-Internet conglomerate in the country, and they would have revenues of over $22 billion. Winseck (2012) states that the merger would mean that the country would have lost an independent station, which is what Astra l is, having revenues of just over $888 million in 2010. Winseck (2012) looks at this in the context of the Ronald Coase, economist, idea that the two ways of dealing with business environment uncertainties are the market and the hierarchies, and that the Bell-Astral merger would be essentially elevating the hierarchies over the markets. If the merger goes through, according to Winsec

Various Factors Involved in Employee Performance Essay

Various Factors Involved in Employee Performance - Essay Example Also, in today's business community, there is far more focus on customer satisfaction. Performance appraisal (PA) is an important part of any organization, but according to human resources consultant John Drake, it seldom improves employee performance and sometimes even has a negative effect (1). Within any company, documentation is necessary for legal purposes, for feedback, corporate planning, employee development, and salary administration. Structure is needed in a PA plan, but it must be set up in a way that will help an employee understand and try to meet company goals and will best reflect the company's identity in the marketplace (Introduction). In the management process, it is necessary for a company to develop an initial plan for performance appraisal by meeting with a new employee and having a discussion that addresses key job responsibilities, a common understanding of company goals and objectives, the most important competencies needed, and an appropriate individual development plan (Grote 2.1). It is not enough just to pass out a manual, as has been the case in the past, and expect the employee to follow it. Without this initial discussion, further appraisal of the employee's attributes cannot be honestly determined. If an employee understands at the outset what is expected, his or her evaluation at different intervals will offer a more realistic appraisal of the employee's development. Once a performance appraisal method has been developed, the various factors that influence performance can be evaluated. With the current development of what might be called virtual organizations, it is employee relations, market relations and various hybrids of these two units that make up the overall performance factors for employees in today's global companies. Strict working hours and a single workplace have given way to a workforce that might be working from home or on the road as well as in the office itself. In the virtual marketplace, the physical employee becomes a combination of internal and external employees at different levels of training and expertise. In determining an appraisal method that takes all of this into consideration, it is necessary to recognize the factors that have not worked in the past and to replace them with positive factors based on a changing business arena. The boundary between organizations and the marketplace is changing as employees become more i nvolved in organizational structure. Labor agreements and internal company rulebooks are giving way to service contracts in companies that are beginning to depend on information technology (Huiskamp & Kluytmans). With the Internet bringing customers into the mix, changing expectations call for a more fluid method of appraisal based on individual performance within a flexible time frame, and in a global economy, changes are inevitable and ongoing. Factors Influencing Employee Performance From Negative to Positive: 1) Monetary incentives - According to Drake (14), "you cannot expect a performance appraisal to improve performance when it is also linked directly to rewards (salary or promotion)." Drake sets forth a situation in which a plant manager is limited in his ability to get a salary increase for an employee unless he rates the employee at least at "5" on a scale of 1-7, which means a rating of "outstanding." If the

Bilateral Trade Agreements Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bilateral Trade Agreements - Term Paper Example Using the production possibilities frontier, Ricardo was able to prove this, achieving a significant breakthrough in the field of international economics. Practically, Ricardo believes that given the situation, both countries can still gain by having the less efficient country specialize in the production and exportation of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smallest and import the product in which it has its greatest absolute disadvantage. The commodity in which one country has the least absolute disadvantage can be thought of as one in which it has a comparative advantage. The gains are realized as both countries specialize in the production of the commodity in which it has the least opportunity cost (Mankiw). In a high-income and low-income country comparison, the book, Making the International: Economic Interdependence and Political Order highlighted that in a two-commodity example of food and pills, specialization will benefit both countries as each will be producing the commodity with the least opportunity cost, simply saying that trade can help increase income even for the low-income countries (Mackintosh). In recent years, there is an observed rise in the number of bilateral trade agreements between countries. Experts say that for a powerful country like the USA, "smaller FTAs accomplish the goal of liberalization and the expansion of markets for U.S. goods" in the absence of a broader agreement like the Doha round (MacMahon). On the part of the smaller countries, bilateral trade agreements increase the local employment and provide a better climate for investors from powerful nations (MacMahon).It is generally accepted that open economies which engage with the outside world do better than economies that are inward looking.  

Library Statement of Goals Essay Example for Free

Library Statement of Goals Essay I have submitted my application for admission into the Kent State School of Library and Information Science as an avenue for professional growth within my current career. As a former Spanish teacher and currently a computer technology teacher, it is important to pursue the MLIS as current librarians seek retirement and technology continues to infiltrate libraries across our nation. I am currently interested in pursuing the MLIS plus the K-12 licensure in order to serve in an urban school library setting. My current teaching assignment of computer technology lends itself to a smooth transition from the classroom to a librarian position as our school district places more emphasis on digital media. I remain fully committed to providing instruction to students; however, with teachers and school librarians retiring in droves, I fear that our schools will be left with overworked teachers and no librarians in our schools. By completing the MLIS degree, I will be accomplishing an additional career objective. I remain committed to my career goals that were previously established many years ago. My first goal was accomplished by completing my undergraduate course of study at the University of Cincinnati. My second career goal was to obtain my M. Ed. In School Administration and I accomplished that particular goal in the year 2000. My third goal, albeit somewhat personal, was to earn my private pilot’s license, and I successfully completed that task in 2001. My fourth career oriented goal was to transition from teaching Spanish to teaching computer science with an ultimate goal of finishing the required courses to earn the MLIS degree. I am currently in the middle of this goal. After speaking to our retiring librarian, she suggested that I apply my technology expertise and apply for the vacant school librarian position. Our current librarian highly encouraged me to seek at least the minimum courses for K-12 certification. After speaking with Dr. Sarah Harper and educating myself about the MLIS program and learning about the additional career opportunities associated with the MLIS, I have decided to pursue this additional graduate degree. The role of the librarian appears to be shifting from the traditional aspects of managing a library to more of the role as a librarian media technologist. An important current issue of the library is to also serve as a digital media center due to the increased technology needs facing libraries. I am greatly interested in this transition as many school librarians almost double as the digital media technologist. Colleges and universities are also adopting the model of librarian media technologist to enhance the needs of such educational institutions. As our digital technology library needs grow, I foresee a point where the current traditional school librarian could potentially be at a slight disadvantage without minimal technology background. I firmly support digital media; however, print media is equally as important. It will be the role of the librarian to determine which media shall remain in print edition for students, and which media will transition to digital media. Another current issue that is important is to fully integrate the school library as an extension of the classroom. It is important to fully utilize the library beyond the common routine of â€Å"pulling books† for a specific course. Instead, it would be beneficial to teachers and students if the library were to be established as an academic department. Establishing meaningful collaboration between the library personnel and teachers will foster a learning environment conducive to learning. As a school librarian, a goal should be to create a library setting that embeds the role of the library into the classrooms. Instead of thinking of the library as an independent space of a school, the library now serves as an extension of the classroom. However, it is equally important to keep in mind, the school librarian is not able to provide content specific instruction, but rather, instruction on how to locate the resources required for the specific content. It is important for the librarian to serve as an instructional partner in the learning process. Finally, another current issue that I believe is important is increasing the mobility of the library. Technology has advanced to where it is no longer required to leave the house and go to the library to seek and acquire information. With nearly all of our students owning a mobile device, whether it is a cellular telephone, iPad, Nook, mobile devices are changing the way information is delivered and accessed. While students easily have access to the internet through mobile devices, it is equally important that students have access to digital records housed in the library. Furthermore, many library users have learned the convenience of downloadable e-books. As teachers, students, and others navigate away from the traditional book delivered in print, it will be important for the librarian to explore new ideas and collaboratively implement a plan to cost effectively deliver more data via mobile devices.

Understanding Research Philosophy Why Is It Important Sociology Essay

Understanding Research Philosophy Why Is It Important Sociology Essay Many of us believe that research is always related to activities that are hidden and mostly strictly confidential from our knowledge and in our daily life (Altinay and Paraskevas, 2006). In addition, majority of us also believed that these activities are held in laboratories, in some aspect this is partly correct, in a sense that the research done by people in laboratories follows certain scientific strategies and methodologies. However, there are also a growing number of individuals such as business managers, marketers, academics and students who at the present time conduct a thorough research outside laboratories in order to develop and produce knowledge relevant to the business world or any particular interest. With this regard, the difference between the researchers are in their research approaches, strategies and philosophies. These differences are their perception of how the knowledge can be created and constructed in a rigorous and meaningful way in order to answer a research problem. (Altinay and Paraskevas 2008:69). Research philosophy is defined as the development of knowledge and the nature of knowledge (Saunders, et al., 2009). The meaning might sound rather profound, however, the author further explained that the basic meaning of the definition is precisely the exact thing every researcher is doing when he or she is conducting a research and that is the will to develop knowledge in a particular field. According to Crossan (2003) on paper about Research Philosophy: Towards and Understanding, (Crossan 2003), there are several reasons on why researchers needs to understand philosophical issues before embarking themselves in a particular field. Easterby-Smith, et al. (2002), identifies three reasons on why there is significance on understanding philosophies in reference to research methodology. The first reason the author added is that by understanding research philosophy the researcher may refine and clarify the research method to be used in their study and consequently help the researchers to gather their evidence and to answer their research questions. Secondly, the knowledge of research philosophy will enable to assist the researchers with different types of methodologies and as such avoiding inappropriate and unrelated works. Lastly, by understanding the basic meaning of research philosophy and understanding its advantages and benefits, it helps the researcher to be more creative and exploratory in their method of research. Saunders, et al. (2009) added, that in research philosophy each researcher follows important views on how they perceived the world. Furthermore, this views and assumptions will greatly affect the research strategy and methodology a researcher chooses as part of its approach. Research methods can be described and classified into different levels (Clark, 1998). In addition, Saunders, et al. (2009) also pointed out that the levels of research methods a researcher should adopt will contain his or her views about the world. These views will actually support the researchers judgment on which research method the researcher should choose as a part of its strategy (Saunders, et al., 2009). In the social science world however, there is an ongoing debate to which is the most appropriate standpoint from the views of positivism and the non-positivism/ interpretativism (Saunders, et al., 2009). According to Saunders, et al. (2009), if a researcher reflects the philosophy or the views of positivism, then most probably the researcher will take on the philosophical instance of natural scientist. Positivism according to Veal (2006) is a framework of research similar to the views and assumptions adopted by natural scientist, in which the researchers view the people and its behaviour as phenomena to be studied, using facts and observations as its strategy to explain the phenomena. Saunders, et al., (2009) also added that positivism views mostly prefer working in an observable social reality and will have an end product research similar to those produced by a natural scientist. Furthermore, researcher with positivism views will only observe a phenomenon which is observable and will end up producing credible data. In addition, the author also argued that one of the essential elements of a positivist approach is that the views of the researcher are not influenced on value of judgements. Interpretivism on the other hand, strongly believes that it is imperative for a researcher to understand the factors and differences between humans in our role as social actors (Saunders, et al., 2009). To clarify, the author further discussed that these belief is plainly to emphasise the difference between conducting research among people rather than materials or object. Saunders, et al.( 2009) also argued that the complexity of the position of interpretivism comes from two intellectual traditions namely; phenomenology and symbolic interactionism. To explain, the author identifies phenomenology as referring to the way the human beings make sense to the world and the surrounding, while the symbolic interactionism, the human being are in the continual process of interpreting the surrounding social world. In social world, Smith (1998) argued that positivism is most probably the most important attempt in order to have authoritative knowledge. The author also added that the positive approach to social sciences is more of a scientific method because a researcher with positivism philosophy will always assume that everything and every phenomenon can be studied as hard facts and as such establish scientific laws. Although, for some researchers they believe that it is imperative to use the traditional approach of research such as the naturalist or scientific method in order to explain phenomena or any occurrence in the physical and life science (Remenyi, et al., 1998). The author also argued that many scholars however, have proven a point that this is not entirely appropriate to study human beings or the organisations they have created. This point was clearly illustrated on Carr 1967 (cited in, Remenyi et al., 1998:94). I do not wish to suggest that the interference of the social scientist or of the historian can match that of physical scientist in precision, or that their inferiority in this respect is due merely to the greater backwardness of the social sciences. The Human being is on any view the most complex entity known to us, and the study of his behaviour may well involve differences in kind from those confronting the physical scientists. With this regard, many would argue that the study of phenomenology or sometimes called non-positivism is more appropriate method or strategy in order to study peoples behaviour and their organisation (Remenyi, et al, 1998). The author further argued that researchers that has phenomenological views does not deny the importance and relevance of positivism in the study of physical life and sciences, after all, if not because of positivism there will be no enlightenment to the development material reality of the twentieth-century, such as heart transplant and space travels. However, despite the importance of the positivism views, they have poor insights when explaining, why people hate their jobs and most of the time complains about everything, why customer service is normally poor, or why is it that most of employees are motivated with achievement and some are not (Remenyi, et al., 1998). Research Approach According to Saunders, et al. (2009) research approaches are mainly based on the research philosophies, whereby the deductive approach is commonly used by researchers with traditional natural scientific views (positivism), while inductive approach is usually based on phenomenology (interpretivism). Sometimes these research paradigms or approaches are used together in research to explain better an occurrence or phenomena (Gilner, et al., 20000). Furthermore, a deductive approach is an extremely influential and intellectual approach, in which conceptual and theoretical framework is developed and tested using empirical observation (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). An inductive research on the other hand is an approach whereby, the theory is developed from observing an empirical reality, which is typically oppose the deductive method (Hussey and Hussey,1997). Research Strategies Selecting an appropriate research strategy is key to ensuring that research questions are addressed in a way which has value and is congruent with the overall topic, questions and purpose of research (Palliative Medicine 2004; 18:677-684).In relation to, Saunders, et al. (2009) added that most of the research strategies belongs to deductive approach. The author also argued that even it is imperative to allocate strategies, it is important to remember that there is no superior or inferior type of strategy, all strategies are important to every researcher; however, their use will entirely depend on the field of study the researcher will embark on. According to Robson (1993) there are three traditional research strategies, namely; Experiment, Survey and Case Studies. However, Saunders, et al., (2009) added that research strategies should not be restricted on one strategy per study; it is also possible that survey strategy can be as part of case study. Apart from the relation of experiment to natural and social sciences, Saunders, et al. (2009) also defines experiment as, the study of casual links between an independent and dependent variable. Therefore, experiments are commonly use as a basis of explanatory research in answering the questions how and why. Survey is a popular strategy in conducting a research, as it allows a large amount collection of data from a chosen sample (Saunders, et al., 2009). Additionally, the author also pointed out that survey is essential in the collection of quantitative data whereby the researcher can analyse the data quantitatively by using inferential statistics. The last on the tradition research strategies according to Saunders, et al. (2009), is the case study; the author identifies this research method as commonly used in social sciences in order to have a more in-depth study of a particular individual or a group for that matter. Approach for this Study In the past, many scholars and researchers considered positivism as the correct scientific paradigm to the study of marketing (Carson, et al., 2001). This argument has also been supported by European Journal of Marketing, 28 (3) 1994, whereby the author suggested that the researchers needs to rethink the marketing research methods and answer questions such as, why do qualitative studies lack of acceptance in marketing? (Hunt,1994:13-25). According to (Carson, et al., 2001), after the aggressive and long time debate about the relevance of the approaches of scientific theories on the marketing study (see for example the European Journal of Marketing, 28 (3) 1994), the author considers the qualitative research method in the perspective of marketing as a suitable research approach for this study. In addition, Carson, et al. (2001) also discussed that interpretivsim is more suitable in the study of marketing as its approach to is in a more personal level in answering the problems in social field such as understanding the reality. Furthermore, the author also identified its position to marketing research as skewed toward interpretive end of the spectrum. (See figure 1) SPECTRUM.jpg Figure 1. The authors position to marketing research (Adapted from Carson, et al. (2009:14) In terms or research strategy, Bonoma (1985) argued that case study is a popular method amongst many marketers. In addition, the author defines case study as a well-suited approach to marketing, moreover, the pattern of case study strategy in the field of marketing is highly recognise as means to generate exploratory insights.

How Does Technological Advancement Eliminate Genetic Disease

How Does Technological Advancement Eliminate Genetic Disease Amy Chong How Do Technological Advancement, Combined With Our Extensive Knowledge From The Human Genome Project, Help Us To Eliminate Genetic Diseases? Abstract The aim of this project is to answer the question how do technological advancements, combined with our extensive knowledge from the Human Genome Project, help us to eliminate genetic diseases? I want to find out more about genetic diseases, such as Myotonic Dystrophy and Cystic Fibrosis, and the stage that scientists are at in curing patients. Ill explore the ethical issues of possible gene editing in the future. Ive carried out a lot of research on the background of genetic diseases and one could speculate that gene editing could eliminate diseases within the next decade or two, if technologies continue to expand at the current rate. This report has enabled me to recognise the work of scientists and furthermore, encouraged me to pursue a career in STEM[DS1]. Introduction History of the Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project was a ground breaking discovery in the understanding of how we evolved as human beings (Carey, 2015). Their aim was to map and understand all the genes for building human beings by going through 3.2 billion bases. A genome can be defined as an organisms complete set of DNA, including all of its genes (Genetics Home Reference, 2016). This research has clearly revolutionised genetics as the cost of gene editing and testing has decreased by 99 percent (Kurzgesagt, 2015[DS2]). Methodology My research is based on secondary qualitative research from published journals, scientific reports and books. It didnt cost any money to conduct. Ive approached my question through Jennifer Doudnas lens on future technology such as CRISPR to eliminate disease. Theyre all diseases that have known genetic causes, and we now have the technology that can repair those mutations. (Jennifer Doudna, 2016). Ill apply CRISPR in contrast to current technologies used. DNA Coding What is the genetic code? DNA is made up of many nucleotides containing three molecules: a deoxyribose pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous organic base. These bases are Cytosine (C), Adenine (A), Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) (Toole, 2015). How does genetic codes link to genetic diseases? Three bases code for an amino acid. The code is non-overlapping which reveals theres only twenty different amino acids present in proteins. Changes to the base sequence or quantity results in a mutation. There are four types of mutations that can occur during DNA semi-conservative replication: nonsense, missense, silent and frame shift. Any of these changes to the DNA sequence leads to gene mutation'(Toole, 2015). This is shown in figure one. Figure one Effects of single base mutation In DNA Code[DS3]. Myotonic Dystrophy From the Genome Project, its evident that the isolation of a number of genes is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy. Myotonic Dystrophy is a dominant disorder. Patients suffer from prolonged contractions, therefore are unable to relax their muscles (Genetics Home Reference,2016). The symptoms start to appear during adulthood. According to the Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy in Britain research, (1975) there are two types of Myotonic Dystrophy. Type one involves weak muscles affecting the lower legs, hands, neck, and face. Whereas type two is associated with the muscles of the neck, shoulders, elbows, and hips. The two differ due to mutations in different genes (Harper, 1975). Figure two (in appendices) reveals the muscle strength of those who suffer from this disease in contrast to a person, with average height and build, with the muscle strength of 38kg (Grassino etal.,1997:135). How does Myotonic Dystrophy differ from other genetic diseases? This genetic disease has different characteristics to a typical dominant disorder. Normally, the symptoms of genetic diseases dont get worse when they are passed on from parent to child. This is the case with Myotonic Dystrophy. The disease is unique due to the gene containing small sequences of DNA thats repeated multiple of times. Type 1 is caused by a mutation in the DMPK gene, which appears to regulate the production and function of structures inside muscle cells. The mutated DMPK gene contains three DNA nucleotides CTG repeated in the ranges from 5 to 34. On the other hand, type two is caused by CNBP gene. This consist of four DNA nucleotides CCTG repeated fewer than 26 times (Carey, 2015). What technologies have been made to eliminate Myotonic Dystrophy? Currently, theres no cure or specific treatment for Myotonic Dystrophy but there is a promising step forward toward muscular Dystrophy treatment (the University of Rochester Medical Centre, 2012). Their research involves reversing the symptoms by creating synthetic compounds that will eliminate a buildup of toxic RNA in muscle cells. This was tested on mice and results showed that symptoms were reduced for up to one year. According to Charles Thorntom (2012), these results give us strong encouragement about the possibility of developing a treatment. Is testing mice the best research method? How will we know if the research would eliminate the genetic disease in humans[DS4]? What are the implications of the research? As the cure is still to be found, it is not possible to test on humans due to limitless RNA targets involved in disease; the question is how to find small molecules that bind to them, (Disney,2012). Because of limitless RNA targets, it complicates the target amplification system. This is an enzyme-medicated process, therefore, millions of targeted enzymes are copied within several hours; the copies made would be used for research. As a result, the techniques are sensitive to contamination. This could lead to false-positive reactions which cause implications for future research (McClatchey, 2002). What has been done to prevent false-positive reactions? Perhaps the University of Rochester Medical Center should consider using Kaspersky Lab technology to test for false-positive reactions. The machine can automatically create files for results that are common or not. Results that are not common are ignored and wont affect research. This upgrade in technology would make their results more clear (Kaspersky Lab, 2015). But should they accept the false positive results as side effects of their research? Could these false positive results be significant in their research? Cystic Fibrosis   Ã‚   Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease causing a build up of mucus to damage the bodys organs. Mucus is a lubricant that protects the linings of the airways and digestive system. People with cystic fibrosis, produces thick mucus that clogs the airways causing problems with breathing. Over time, it can permanently damage the lungs by producing scar tissues. Scar tissues are thicker and less elastic than normal tissues so the tidal volume is reduced (Genetics Home Reference, 2016). Which codes causes Cystic Fibrosis? If youre missing two letters out of 3.2 billion of the sequence, ATT CTT GATT, you have cystic fibrosis (Sabatini,2016). Mutation in the CFTR gene disrupts the flow of chloride ions across cell membrane, which is necessary to produce freely flowing mucus (Genetics Home Reference, 2016). What technologies have been made to eliminate Cystic Fibrosis? From the Human Genome Project, we know which genome codes for lungs, and with the help of stem cells and tissue engineering, scientist believe it is possible for human lungs to be successfully grown in a lab for the first time, (Medical News Today, 2014). Due to shortage of donor organs, using stem cells (which are able to differentiate in to other cells) is a desirable approach for organ replacement. Whilst the field of tissue engineering has successfully reconstructed cartilage frameworks for ears and bones in the skull and face; they struggle to use stem cells to grow lungs thatll survive and function properly (Lui etal.,2013). This means maintaining blood and oxygen supply inside the body without clotting (The Guardian, 2015). Will growing organs give a better quality of life to those who suffer from Cystic Fribrosis? Would this be as effective as gene editing technology? Gene Editing Technology CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) CRISPR-Cas9 is a technology, using bacteria, that enables parts of the genome to be cut out and replaced, or to add parts of DNA sequence.The CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of two key molecules: enzyme Cas9 (a molecular scissors that cuts a specific location of DNA) and RNA (The New York Times, 2015). Figure three (in appendices) will show the steps of gene editing. Once the DNA is edited, the mutation causing the genetic disease would be eliminated (Your Genome, 2016). Technology success Layla recovered from leukaemia thanks to gene-editing technology. For children as young as Layla, the cure rates are only 25 per cent (Sujith Samarasinghe, 2015). As a result, her doctors proceed to gene therapy to removing immune cells from her body and genetically engineer them to attack cancerous cells (Nature, 2015). She received T-cells (exposed to a DNA-cutting enzyme called a TALEN) from a healthy donor. The process was done so that the modified T-cells injected were not recognised as foreign. T-cells are significant because receptor CAR19 helps programs the T-cells to kill any cells with protein CD19 found on cancer cells. Is the process this simple? Theres a risk of the enzyme being cut the wrong place resulting cells turning cancerous (New Scientist, 2015). Research on gene editing is now expanding to minimise this risk. Soon there are a whole bunch of other disorders we cure (Qasim, 2015). Since she is the first person to be cured using gene editing does this mean its safe to proceed this process on other diseases? Ethical Issues Objective of Gene Editing As the technology is at its early stages, scientist are creating a modified version of Cas9 thatll change specific letters to remove the mutation that caused genetic disease. In most eyes, gene editing is unjust since the technology is limited to individuals. Researchers are mainly testing on reproductive cells to prevent children from having the condition. Theyre plan to carry human trial by the end of 2016. Do we know enough information for humans to participate as the effects are unpredictable? (Your Genome, 2015). Future Generations According to David Baltimore (2015) we sense that we are close to being able to alter human heredity. CRISPR is opposed by a lot of people as they want new laws and regulations to protect the human gene pool of our entire species. The process is irreversible. If technology advancement and researchers have enough information to create modified humans, we have to consider the cost. This is a valid point as wealthy parent maybe tempted to treat unwanted characteristics that are not actually diseases. Do we want stronger, smarter, taller children with specific colour eyes? Could designer babies be the answer to eliminate genetic diseases? These are the questions that pose potential flaws is the advancement of technology[DS5]. Conclusion Gene editing research and technology advancement is the step forward in eliminating genetic diseases. From my selective mention of genetic diseases such as Myotonic Dystrophy and Cystic Fibrosis, we can see technologies such as growing organs using stem cells and synthesis of compounds to cure disease are making progress. The focus of gene editing will an effective treatment if the trials are successful. This is the beginning of revolutionising human genome and eliminating genetic disease as a whole. References Carey.N, (2015). Junk DNA. London: Icon Books Ltd. Pages 7-11. CNBC, (2016). Editing our genes to cure not just treat disease. [Online] Available at: http://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/26/editing-our-genes-to-curenot-just-treatdisease.html [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Genetic Home Reference, (2016). Myotonic Dystrophy. [Online] Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/myotonic-dystrophy [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Genetic Home Reference, (2016). What is a genome? [Online] Available at: https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/genome [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Grassino etal. (1997). Relationship Between Chronic Hypercapnia and Inspiratory-Muscle Weakness in Myotonic Dystrophy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, [Online] Volume(158), pages 133-137. Available at: http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9509041#readcube-epdf [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Harper,P. (1975). Congenital myotonic dystrophy in Britain. Archives of Disease in Childhood, [Online] Volume(50), pages 505-513. Available at: http://adc.bmj.com/content/50/7/505.full.pdf [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Kaspersky, (2015). Kaspersky Lab Patents Automated False-Positive Testing Technology Based on Machine Learning Algorithms. [Online] Available at: http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/product/2015/Kaspersky-Lab-Patents-Automated-False-Positive-Testing-Technology-Based-on-Machine-Learning-Algorithms [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Kurzgesagt In a Nutshell, (2016). Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever CRISPR. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY [Accessed 11 Aug. 2016]. Live Science, (2013). DNA: Definition, Structure Discovery. [Online] Available at: http://www.livescience.com/37247-dna.html [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Lui, Yunying etal.(2013) Generation of functional organs from stem cells. BioMed Central, Page 1. McClatchey,K. (2002). Clinical Laboratory Medicine. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Page 1237. Medical News Today, (2014). Human lungs successfully grown in a lab for the first time. [Online] Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/272763.php [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Myotonic Dystrophy Foundation, (2012).SCIENTISTS CREATE POTENT MOLECULES AIMED AT TREATING MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY. [Online] Available at: http://www.myotonic.org/scientists-create-potent-molecules-aimed-treating-myotonic-dystrophy [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. National Human Genome Research Institute, (2012). A New Five-Year Plan for the United States: Human Genome Program. [Online] Available at: https://www.genome.gov/10001476/human-genome-projects-fiveyear-plan-19931998/ [Accessed 29. Aug. 2016]. Nature, (2015). Leukaemia success heralds wave of gene-editing therapies. [Online] Available at: http://www.nature.com/news/leukaemia-success-heralds-wave-of-gene-editing-therapies-1.18737 [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. New Scientist, (2015). Gene editing saves girl dying from leukaemia in world first. [Online] Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28454-gene-editing-saves-life-of-girl-dying-from-leukaemia-in-world-first/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Openstax CNX, (2016). DNA Repair. [Online] Available at: https://cnx.org/contents/[emailprotected]/DNA-Repair [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Science Daily, (2015).Potential treatment identified for myotonic muscular dystrophy. [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150318140652.htm [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Toole,G. and Toole,S. (2015). A Level AQA Biology. 2nd Edition. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd. Pages 36-37, 202-203. University of Rochester Medical Center, (2012). A Promising Step Forward Toward Muscular Dystrophy Treatment. [Online] Available at: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/3572/a-promising-step-forward-toward-muscular-dystrophy-treatment.aspx [Accessed 29 Aug. 2016]. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, (2001). Ten facts from the Human Genome Project. [Online] Available at: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/ten-facts-human-genome-project [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Your Genome, (2015). Is germline gene therapy ethical? [Online] Available at: http://www.yourgenome.org/debates/is-germline-gene-therapy-ethical [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Your Genome, (2016). What is CRISPR-Cas9? [Online] Available at: http://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. Appendices Figues and diagram Figure two Results of muscle weakness in Myotonic Dystrophy patients in contrast to those who dont have the disease. Figure three The stages of using bacteria to edit DNA sequence. Gantt Chart Glossary Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) a molecule that is consist of instructions for an organism needs to develop, live and reproduce. Non-overlapping each base in the sequence is read one. Dominant allele the disease is present even if the individual only has one copy of the allele. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) a messenger carrying single stranded instructions from DNA to control protein synthesis. Enzyme-medicated process single enzyme or multiple enzymes synthesis copies of nuclei acid. False positive A result that indicates that a given condition is present when it is not. Cell membrane the partially permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. Stem cells an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism which has the ability to differentiate to repair and replace damaged tissues and organs. Tissue -   group of similar cells working together to perform a special function. Organ Combination of tissues that are coordinated to perfrm a variety of functions. Eg. Heart, lungs. T- Cells Type of lympocyte matured in the thymus gland that is involved in humoral immunity. Enzyme a protein with a specific active site and tertiary structure. It acts as a biological catalyst to bring about a biochemical reaction. Cas9 a protein that guides the RNA to enter cells without undergoing transcription and translation. [DS1]Good start. In future, try to practice academic language. Such as This paper willà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or The research in this paper will discussà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ avoid using I, me, we my etc. [DS2]Good. [DS3]Good [DS4]Excellent points raised. [DS5]Good point

Vocabulary Definitions: Chapter 10 Review (psych) :: essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intelligence Quotient - Intelligences quotient is an index of intelligence once calculated by dividing one's tested mental age by one's chronological age and multiplying by 100. Today, IQ is a number that reflects the degree to which a person's score on an intelligence test deviates from the average score of others in his of her age group. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Verbal Scale - Verbal scale is six subtests in the Wechsler scales that measure verbal skills as part of a measure of overall intelligence. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Performance Scale - Performance scale is five subtests in the Wechsler scales that include tasks that require spatial ability and the ability to manipulate materials; these subtests provide a performance IQ. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aptitude Test - Aptitude tests are tests designed to measure a person's capacity to learn certain things or perform certain tasks. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Achievement Test - Achievement tests are measures of what a person has accomplished or learned in a particular area. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Norms - Norms are 1. a description of the frequency at which a particular score occurs, which allows scores to be compared statistically. and 2. a learned, socially based rule that prescribes what people should or should not do in various situations. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reliability - Reliability is the degree to which a test can be repeated with the same results. Tests with high reliability yield scores that are less susceptible to insignificant or random changes in the test taker or the testing environment. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Validity - Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Factor Analysis - Factor analysis is a statistical technique that involves computing correlations between large numbers of variables. Factor analysis is commonly used in the study of intelligence and intelligence tests. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fluid Intelligence - Fluid intelligence is the basic power of reasoning and problem solving. Fluid produces induction, deduction, reasoning, and understanding of relationships between different ideas. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Crystallized Intelligence - Crystallized intelligence is the specific knowledge gained as a result of applying fluid intelligence. It produces verbal comprehension and skill at manipulating numbers. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Information Processing Approach - Information processing approach is an approach to the study of intelligence that focuses on mental operations, such as attention and memory that underlie intelligent behavior. 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Triarchical Theory of Intelligence - Triarchical theory of intelligence is a theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that sees intelligence as involving analytical, creative, and practical dimensions. 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multiple Intelligences - Multiple intelligences are Howard Gardner's theory that people are possessed of eight semi-independent kinds of intelligence, only three of which are measured by standard IQ tests.

Louis de Bernières Novel Captain Corellis Mandolin Essays -- Bernier

Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Already from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of the most important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are several factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The most important ones are language (including the narrative style) and classical allusions. The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot of medical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educated man and that probably most of the people on the island respect him due to this superiority. From the phrases that he uses we find out that he likes to impress people, especially if they are his patients. For example in the first chapter instead of telling his patient that the cause of his earache is a pea, he describes it as â€Å"an exorbitant auditory impediment†-this helps the doctor to create some mystery around his work and knowledge and therefore makes him a more interesting person in the eyes of Stamatis and his wife. Dr. Iannis is â€Å"conscious of the necessity for maintaining a certain mystique, and fully aware that â€Å"a pea in the ear† was unlikely to get him any kudos†, from such thoughts we realize that the doctor knows very well the mentality of humans and therefore knows what they expect him to say. The other factor that plays an important role in introducing this character is the narrative style. The language that Dr. Iannis uses is very formal and detached. He is not trying to get closer to his patients, because he realizes that there is a difference between them, especially due to the education level. At the same time the style of language that Stamatis and his wife use is very different from the doctor’s. For exam... ...or less cold and detached, however when he comes back home we are also shown a different side of him. He is shown as a loving father, who, even if he is not happy with the actions of his daughter, still cannot be irritated by her for too long. â€Å"†¦the goat is fond of you.†- Dr. Iannis turned away, disarmed and defeated.† – he loves his daughter, and he knows that she is fond of him as well. As we can see the author uses a lot of different factors, which allow him to present the character to us the best way possible. He shines the light on every side of Dr. Iannis, helping us to make up our mind about his personality. By the end we are aware that he is not only specialized in medicine, but also in writing and in history of his island. His activities and his personality attract the readers as they learn more about his character, which makes them fond of him. Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Essays -- Bernier Louis de Bernià ¨res' Novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin Already from the first chapter the author introduces us to one of the most important characters of the book, Dr. Iannis. There are several factors that help the writer to present him to the readers. The most important ones are language (including the narrative style) and classical allusions. The diction in this chapter is very difficult and contains a lot of medical terminology. This shows us that Dr. Iannis is a very educated man and that probably most of the people on the island respect him due to this superiority. From the phrases that he uses we find out that he likes to impress people, especially if they are his patients. For example in the first chapter instead of telling his patient that the cause of his earache is a pea, he describes it as â€Å"an exorbitant auditory impediment†-this helps the doctor to create some mystery around his work and knowledge and therefore makes him a more interesting person in the eyes of Stamatis and his wife. Dr. Iannis is â€Å"conscious of the necessity for maintaining a certain mystique, and fully aware that â€Å"a pea in the ear† was unlikely to get him any kudos†, from such thoughts we realize that the doctor knows very well the mentality of humans and therefore knows what they expect him to say. The other factor that plays an important role in introducing this character is the narrative style. The language that Dr. Iannis uses is very formal and detached. He is not trying to get closer to his patients, because he realizes that there is a difference between them, especially due to the education level. At the same time the style of language that Stamatis and his wife use is very different from the doctor’s. For exam... ...or less cold and detached, however when he comes back home we are also shown a different side of him. He is shown as a loving father, who, even if he is not happy with the actions of his daughter, still cannot be irritated by her for too long. â€Å"†¦the goat is fond of you.†- Dr. Iannis turned away, disarmed and defeated.† – he loves his daughter, and he knows that she is fond of him as well. As we can see the author uses a lot of different factors, which allow him to present the character to us the best way possible. He shines the light on every side of Dr. Iannis, helping us to make up our mind about his personality. By the end we are aware that he is not only specialized in medicine, but also in writing and in history of his island. His activities and his personality attract the readers as they learn more about his character, which makes them fond of him.

Schiaparelli vs Chanel

In Judith Thurman’s article for The New Yorker, â€Å"Mother of Invention in Fashion† she tells of the life and fashion influence of designer Elsa Schiaparelli. The name may not be familiar to fashion outsiders but the Italian designer emerged around the same time period as the better-known Coco Chanel. While Chanel is most known for her simple cut clothing and classic designs, Schiaparelli is known for her courageous use of eclectic patterns and colorful zippers.In a world of fashion where firsts are a rarity, Schiaparelli is recognized for innovations such as the overall, the power suit, colored hosiery and the wedge, a shoe that has yet to go out of style just to name a few. She had the boldness to design scarf dresses in bright fuchsia and mix and match sportswear in an array of knits. She was there for society during a time of adventure and outspokenness and through her daring designs she gave women an outlet to express themselves.During World War II Schiaparelli p ut designing on the backburner due to the political situation and instead used her popular influence to help raise funds for various French relief charities. She refused to design clothes at such a time of suffering and terror and through this act she showed her solidarity and strong ethics. Her rival, Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel was shacked up with a Nazi officer at the fancy Ritz while women were wearing her black designs to funerals for the many that were dying throughout the country.As the war came to an end Chanel came back strong with her original designs as simple and as black as ever just what society needed-mindless outfits. This society who was once willing to work and try to stand out, now just wanted to blend into the sorrowful world that the war had turned life into, they didn’t want to think at all. In the time of pre World War II, society was willing to go out of their way for fashion, to strive to stand out and be bold, to try and to work for it. Schap arelli was a â€Å"poet of couture† as Thurman calls her, â€Å"she designed clothes for an emboldened and unbeholden New Woman†.(Thurman, 1) Postwar the world was in a conservative state, the demand for fuchsia and graphic knitwear was not high, and â€Å"her work was out of tune with the tastes of a conservative postwar public†. (Thurman, 3) The innovative work of Schaparelli was recognized and at a time useful to the general public but its uniqueness was not good enough to stay in society’s minds and unlike Chanel, it did not become a household name. Women no longer wanted to be outspoken, they instead wanted their clothing to speak for them.The little black dress practically invented by Chanel did just that-it spoke for itself. Throughout decades Chanel has created a following strong enough that in a sense it is its own category of style and has kept its affluent name throughout depressions and economic plights. The highest forms of royalty, the great est icons and even the First Ladies of America clad themselves in the classic tweed of Chanel. The mindlessness of being able to rely on the classic cut, the clean lines and the dependent mix of grays and blacks are what makes Chanel a â€Å"go-to† for recognized and upper class women.Chanel represents the adaptation of fashion, postwar women did not want to try, they did not want to â€Å"think too hard† or work for fashion. Chanel doesn’t want you to work at all, her clothing is meant to be worn and say enough for you, one of her classics, the little black dress symbolizes a woman putting on a dress that speaks for itself, it screams classy and timeless. Thurman writes, in reference to monumental breakthroughs such as â€Å"monotheism, penicillin, the little black dress, â€Å"history tends to remember those who have one big idea.† (1) Chanel had big ideas, even if they were adapted from what was already invented, and those ideas were timeless. When on e is wearing Chanel that is what is seen, it is not the women in Chanel that stands out but the Chanel on the woman. The little black dress which is casually referred to by today’s designers as the â€Å"LBD† has become such a staple that rarely will a woman’s closet be lacking at least one. A little black dress is hardly as exciting and conversational as a hot pink pantsuit or as daring as sportswear with animal shaped buttons, but its black simplicity is mindless.It was exactly how society wanted its women to behave at the end of the 1940’s; the little black dress spoke for them because nobody wanted them to speak for themselves. A woman standing in the corner at a dinner party wearing Chanel does not need to be attended to, the fact that she is donning Chanel says just enough. She is wealthy, she is taken care of and anything she feels the need to say is being said by her Chanel outfit. One of the best known images of the little black dress is in Blake Edward’s film adaptation of Truman Capote’s Breakfast at Tiffany’s.Audrey Hepburn plays the naive yet eccentric character of Holly Golightly and her look has become legendary. Her hair pulled tightly into a bun and a never ending strand of pearls wrapped around her neck all of which accessorize her classic little black dress and a long stemmed cigarette that she has, without fail, permanently in hand. Hepburn, frequently clad in Chanel, prances around the city as if it is her playground, nonchalantly yet tragically running with a different gentleman every evening.It would seem that she enjoys their company but she refers to them as â€Å"rats† during her daily rants to her new companion and neighbor. This character remains unnamed in the book but through the film we learn that his name is Paul, although Holly finds him uncannily familiar to his brother and insists on calling him Fred. Holly Golightly’s behavior is eccentric and sometimes unprompte d and in both the film and the novel the audience and readers are able to grasp this unpredictable aspect of her personality.Edwards and Capote’s depiction of Holly is incredibly different in their respective portrayals of this wild character. Although the storylines differ each of their portrayals successfully convey Holly as the entertaining woman that she is. Capote’s version makes readers push themselves and question Holly as a character is she a phony? Is her behavior really past her? Does Holly not see what is going on? Readers are delving deep and thinking hard to understand the Holly Golightly in the text. We are looking deep into her character and trying to see her for who she is, to understand this seemingly complex woman.But then there is something about the Holly Golightly that Blake Edwards has created, a facade that appears in part due to her memorable ensemble. The movie’s Holly Golightly is easier for the audience to understand and empathize with . There is no thinking involved, just a beautiful face and a simple little black dress. The Chanel-clad Holly allows us to look at her without really looking into her, we are satisfied with what we see and our judgment is left at that. The Chanel little black dress is speaking for Holly and it is giving off an impression that leaves the audience excusing her for her petty actions.One of the most notable differences between the movie and the book is the ending that Paramount pictures completely changed from how Truman Capote first wrote it. Holly’s main eccentricity is that she is constantly traveling, never being able to settle in one place that she finds herself comfortable in. â€Å"I don't want to own anything until I find a place where me and things go together. I'm not sure where that is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Capote,) At the end of the novel Holly remains her true nomadic and the last readers hear of her is through a postcard sent from Brazil to the narrator, like expected she has not settled down.Then there is the film version of Holly, a character who we choose to take for what she is, whatever that may be. In the film the narrator Paul/Fred, is able to convince Holly to stay in New York, as he departs from a taxicab ride with her the audience thinks this is the last time they will ever see each other and the narrator, a man who is clearly head over heels for Holly, gives her a peace of his mind, and a glimpse into his broken heart: â€Å"You know what's wrong with you, Miss Whoever-You-Are?You're chicken; you've got no guts. You're afraid to stick out your chin and say, â€Å"Okay, life's a fact, people do fall in love, people do belong to each other, because that's the only chance anybody's got for real happiness. You call yourself a free spirit, a wild thing, and you're terrified somebody's going to stick you in a cage. Well, baby, you're already in that cage. You built it yourself†¦it's wherever you go. Because no matter where you run, you ju st end up running into yourself.†(Breakfast at Tiffany’s) Then to reader’s surprise but to audiences content Holly returns the narrator’s gestures! The Holly in the book would have never settled for love and given in to one man Holly was a traveler never settling for one man or one address. The Holly in the movie has just been put in her place and audiences expect this of her and they accept it. Of course the lady in Chanel will fall in love in this fairytale-like rainy scene.For a Schiaparelli wearing character we expect more, we don’t expect her to take such confrontation and to be told where she stands in the world, but the Chanel wearing woman will be swept off her feet and won over by her neighborly suitor. How is it that courtesy is given to the Holly Golightly in the film but yet the novel’s version of Holly would never be excused like this? Society, being the funny unpredictable way it is has the ability to turn its head at certain ev ents or times.In Thurman’s article we see that Schiaparelli and Chanel started off on equal ground but it is only one designer that is still around today: â€Å"Coco Chanel and Elsa Schiaparelli launched their fashion houses in the first decades of the last century like two rockets with equal payloads of ambition. Chanel settled into the lower and brighter-more visible-orbit, which the gravity of convention begins to erode. Schiaparelli exerts her influence like a distant celestial body on women and designers who may see hot pink when they free-associate her name, but who otherwise have no precise image of her work.†(Thurman, 1) For such originality, Schiaparelli was merely lost in the times and is only a memory with no precise image attached to her name. Was she who we should have remembered? While Schiaparelli was working for a good cause during the war and using her resources to raise money for French charities, Chanel was holed up decadently with a Nazi officer liv ing a lifestyle totally oblivious to the world’s events. Yet society turns its head and excuses Chanel’s actions just as quickly as they forget Schiaparelli’s heroic ones.Schiaparelli might not have been lost in the times had she made it simpler on us, had she tended to society’s needs. We give Chanel the courtesy that we give Edward’s version of Holly Golightly and we give Schiaparelli no courtesy at all. Edward’s Holly Golightly makes it easy to fall for her quirky little expressions and disregard towards the real world, the fairytale ending we are left with is simple and does not leave the audience wondering and digging deeper and for that we love the simplicity and mindlessness of the film’s Holly Golightly.It is the Holly Golightly in the film adaptation of Breakfast at Tiffany’s that has become illustrious throughout the years; her timelessness has stuck around like Chanel’s while the original novella’s fame has fizzled out like Schiaparelli’s. Like Chanel, the film version of Holly Golightly is one that the audience does not have to work to understand. Readers are sick of working to understand Truman Capote’s original Breakfast at Tiffany’s like women were sick of working to understand Schiaparelli.Sometimes it is the easy and the mindless that society not only wants but needs, and they are willing to throw all originality out the window for it. Works Cited Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Dir. Blake Edwards. Paramount Pictures, 1961. DVD. Capote, Truman. Breakfast At Tiffany’s. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. Thurman, Judith. â€Å"Mother of Invention in Fashion. † The New Yorker 27 Oct. 2003: 1-3. Print.