Microbiology Chapter 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1 Notes * Robert Hooke * Discovered Cellulae (Cells) * Formed soil of Cell Theory * 1. Cell basic unit of life * 2. every last(predicate) life organisms are made of cells * 3. Must lay down living cells to mend more cells * Anton Von Leeuwenhoek * Father microbiology & microscopy * Discovered microorganisms (animalcules) * Disproved microorganisms were heaven sent * Put cloudless bowl out during rainstorm & no microorganism * Let sit * old age later microorganisms formed from air * Ferdinand Cohn Discovered endospores (enable some bacteria to conk adverse environmental conditions) * Why growth occurred in experiments that disproved/proved SG * Louis Pasteur * expressed experiment that disproved SG * Fermentation * Pasteurization heat energy liquid to temp. that kills the most heat resistant pathogen but NOT all (milk) * Vaccination against Rabies (Rhabdovirus), splenic fever (bacillusanthracis), Chicken Cholera (bacterium) * Silkworm industry * Disease (protozoan) wa s killing silk moths * real a method to detect distemperd moths and separate * Lady bloody shame Montagu * Wife British Ambassador to Turkey * Developed Smallpox discover Turkish women engrafting * Spread mild small pox to other by injecting into their veins * Patient would then be immune to smallpox * Reject because she was womanhood & not doctor/scientist * Carl Linnaeus * Developed science of taxonomy * Scientific Nomenclature * binomial nomenclature * Process of giving all organisms 2 scientific call * Genus species * Ed screen Jenner * Discovered process of vaccination * Worked with variola vaccina & milkmaids * Milk cowpox chuck out pustal scratch skin w/ needle develop mild cowpox immune to smallpox * John Snow * First epidemiologist Traced Cholera plaguey to common H2O pump that was contaminated * Ignaz Semmelweis * Puerperal Fever (child undersurface fever) major cause of mortality to mothers and infants * Death in midwife ward = low death in doctor/med student w ard = gritty * Doctors/med students contact w/ cadavers that previously died from disease * Spread disease to living mothers * Required hand washing with chlorite of lime * Joseph Lister * Concerned with relative incidence of infection and mortality from surgery * Aseptic Surgery = used carbolic acerbic (phenol) on incision site, instruments, and bandages * John Tyndall Boiling was not sufficient to define broths and agar * Tyndallization Process * Liquid is heated to boiling (100C) allowed to sit and cool down for 24hours * Liquid is reheated to boiling (100C) and then allow to cool and sit for other 24 hours * Repeat * Robert Koch * Developed concept of causative agent of disease (MO cause disease) * Germ Theory of Disease developed many an(prenominal) microbiological techniques, media and procedures * Tuberculin archetype founded vaccine (incorrect) .. use as first step to determine if individual has TB * Fanny Hesse * Worked for Robert Koch Used Agar to convert liquid pal to slid medium * Kochs Postulates (Identifying which bacteria causes which disease) * MO moldiness be prove in every case of the disease. Every host must have the same signs and symptoms of the disease * Isolate the microorganism and grow it in complete(a) culture outside the host * Pure culture must be inoculated into a healthy susceptible host. Experimentally infected host must exhibit the same signs and symptoms of the disease * The Microorganism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected host and shown to be identical to the original MO * capital of Minnesota Ehrlich concept chemotherapy * Syphilis Treponema palladium * Compound 606-Salvarsan (Arsenic containing compound) * Alexander Fleming * Accidently discovered antibiotics * Antibiotics = of course produced compounds that inhibit the growth of other MOs * Working with Staphylococcus aureus (opportunistic pathogen- must be proper conditions to cause infection) * Most antibiotics produced by bacteria, foll owed by fungi * Martinus Beijerinck * design of Viruses * Soil microorganisms-isolated the first soil MOs * Sergei Winogradsky * Sulfur metabolism by microorganisms * Concept of nitrogen fixation * Biochemical cycles Symbiotic relationships * Barbara McClintock * Transposons cause Maize (jumping genes- genes start themselves and create different color kernals) * James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins * Structure of DNA * molecular biology and genetics * Thomas Brock * Thermophilic microorganisms (high temperature loving microorganisms) * Thermus and Sulfolobus * Lynn Margulis * Endosymbiont Theory * Big procaryotic cell engulfs little prokaryotic cell * Little survives insides but loses many functions (energy conversion, protein synthesis) * Little becomes mitochondria or chloroplast Eukaryotic Cell evolved * Carl B. Woese * Molecular systematic ground on 16sRNA * Improved ability to identify MO * Stanley Prusinier * Discovered Prions * Protenaous p athogenic Particles * Luc Montagnier * Discovered human immunodeficiency virus * Barry Marshall and Robin Warren * contributive agent of gastric & peptic ulcers * MO colonize in meet * Disbelieved b. c stomach is so acidic and has enzymes * Antibiotics cure ulcers * Demonstrated issuing pharmaceutical industry & practice of gastroenterology against 2 men