History of Coffee Essay

deglutition chocolate is wiz of the human races most poplar racketings. Some claim it is the most widely consumed fluid in the world aside from water. java is more(prenominal) than a deglutition , however. It is a memory , anticipation, a life succession of consoling moments of modest diversion woven into our plumps. Coffees success as a beverage undoubtedly owes both to the caffeine it harbors and to its sensory pleasure. Coffee lovers come to think the energizing lift of the caffeine with richness and aroma of the beverage that delivers it.Coffee is kindlen in more than 50 countries around the world and the of im port commercialised crop of over a dozen countries, half of which earns 25% to 50% of their foreign exchange revenue from chocolate exportations. More than 10 billion pounds of hot chocolate beans atomic number 18 grown per year, providing more than 20 jillion jobs. Coffee is endemic to Ethiopia and was most likely discovered as a food before it beca me a drink. The most popular legend of how chocolate was discovered involves an Abyssinian goat herder named kaldi. Kaldi awoke hotshot night to find his goats bound around a tree speckled with red cherries.When he smackd one of the cherries, he too started dancing with the goats. As inte lieing as this taradiddle may be it is more likely that chocolate tree was utilize as a food supplement by wandering Ethiopian tribes-men. The tribes-men ar said to discombobulate squashed the crapulence chocolate tree tree cherries and carried them on long journeys, eating them for nourishment as needed. Later, the umber cherries were soaked in water, possibly to restrain wine, but most historians say it was non until 1000 AD, when the Arabs discovered how to boil, that umber bean was serve hot.Coffee was overly believed to withdraw medicative properties. Avicenna, an Islamic physician and philosopher of the eleventh century, said of chocolate It fortifies the members, it cleans the scrape and dries up the humilities that atomic number 18 down the stairs it, and gives an excellent smell to completely the body CHAPTER 1 HISTORY OF deep brown HISTORY OF hot chocolate pic Palestinian women grinding chocolate the old fashioned way, 1905 The history of coffee goes at least as far spine as the ordinal century, though coffees bloodlines re of import unclear.It had been believed that Ethiopian ancestors of todays Oromo people were the premier to have discovered and acknowledge the energizing effect of the coffee bean w mess she il reasonediseg. However, no direct evince has been constitute indicating where in Africa coffee grew or who among the natives might have utilise it as a stimulant or even know almost it, earlier than the 17th century. The story of Kaldi, the 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd who discovered coffee, did not appear in create verbally until 1671 and is probably apocryphal. From Ethiopia, coffee was said to have disp ersed to Egypt and Yemen.The arliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. It was here in Arabia that coffee beans were rootage roasted and brewed, in a similar way to how it is now prep ard. By the 16th century, it had r all(prenominal)ed the rest of the Middle eastside, Persia, Turkey, and Union Africa. Coffee thusly fete to Italy, and to the rest of europium, to Indonesia, and tothe Americas. Origins Etymology The rule book coffee entered English in 1598 via Dutch koffie.This word was created via Turkish kahve, the Turkish pronunciation Arabic qahwa, a truncation of qahhwat al-bun or wine of the bean. unmatched possible introduction of the name is the Kingdom of Kaffa in Ethiopia, where the coffee plant originated its name on that point is bunn or bunna. Legendary accounts. There be several(prenominal) legendary accounts of the origin of the drink i tself. One account involves the Yemenite Sufi unavowed Shaikh ash-Shadhili. When traveling in Ethiopia, the legend goes he observed goats of unusual vitality, and, upon essay the berries that the goats had been eating, experienced the alike(p) vitality.A similar Legend of Dancing Goats attributes the husking of coffee to an Ethiopian goatherder named Kaldi. The story of Kaldi did not appear in writing until 1671, and these stories be considered to be apocryphal. It used to be believed Ethiopian ancestors of todays Oromo tribe, were the setoff to have recognized the energizing effect of the native coffee plant. Studies of genetic diversity have been performed on genus genus genus genus genus genus Coffea arabica varieties, found to be of humble diversity but which retained some residual heterozygosity from ancestral materials, and closely-related diploid species Coffea grassephora and C.liberica however, no direct evidence has ever been found indicating where in Africa coffe e grew or who among the natives might have used it as a stimulant, or known about it on that point, earlier than the cardinalteenth century. The Moslem world The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge Of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of the Yemen in gray Arabia.It was in Yemen that coffee beans were eldest roasted and brewed as they ar today. From Mocha, coffee blossom forth to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey. From the Moslem world, coffee drinking dole out to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas. Syrian Bedouin from a beehive village in Aleppo, Syria, sipping the traditional murra (bitter) coffee, 1930.The earliest character reference of coffee notable by the literary coffee merchant Philippe Sylvestre Dufour is a reference t o bunchum in the works of the 10th century CE Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the West, but more defined information on the preparation of a beverage from the roasted coffee berries dates from several centuries later. The most important of the primal writers on coffee was io-de-caprio, who in 1587 compiled a work tracing the history and legal controversies of coffee authorise Umdat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa.He reported that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the commencement exercise to claim the use of coffee (circa 1454). Coffees usefulness in hotheaded away sleep made it popular among Sufis. A translation traces the spread of coffee from Arabia Felix (the present day Yemen) northward to Mecca and Medina, and then to the larger cities of Cairo, Damascus, Baghdad, and Istanbul. Coffee beans were eldest exported from Ethiopia to Yemen. Yemeni peckrs brought coffee suffer to their homeland and began to cultivate the bean. The prototypical coffeehouse consecrate(a) in Istanbul in 1554.Coffee was at first not well received. In 1511, it was forbidden for its stimulate effect by conservative, orthodox imams at a theological court in Mecca. However, the popularity of the drink led these bans to be overturned in 1524 by an order of the pouffe Turkish grand Turk Selim I, with Grand Mufti Mehmet Ebussuud el-Imadi issuing a celebrated fatwa allowing the intake of coffee. In Cairo, Egypt, a similar ban was instituted in 1532, and the coffeehouses and wargonhouses containing coffee beans were sacked. Similarly, coffee was ban by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church some time before the 12th century.However, in the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopian attitudes softened towards coffee drinking, and its consumption spread rapidly between 1880 and 1886 match to Richard Pankhurst, this was largely due to Emperor Menilek, who himself drank it, and to Abuna Matewos who did very much to dispel the beli ef of the clergy that it was a Muslim drink. Europe pic Dutch engraving of Mocha in 1692 Coffee was noted in footstool Aleppo by the German physician botanist Leonhard Rauwolf, the first European to mention it, as chaube, in 1573 Rauwolf was closely followed by descriptions from opposite European travellers.Coffee was first imported to Italy from the Ottoman Empire. The vibrant trade between Venice and the Muslims in North Africa, Egypt, and the East brought a large categorization of Afri back end goods, including coffee, to this leading European port. Venetian merchants introduced coffee-drinking to the wealthy in Venice, charging them hard for the beverage. In this way, coffee was introduced to Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted later controversy over whether it was acceptable during Lent was settled in its kick upstairs by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the drink.The first European coffee house (apart from those in the Ottoman Empire, mentioned a bove) was opened in Venice in 1645. England Largely through the efforts of the British East India corporation and the Dutch East India go with, coffee became available in England no later than the 16th century according to Leonhard Rauwolfs 1583 account. The first coffeehouse in England was opened in St. Michaels Alley in Cornhill. The proprietor was Pasqua Rosee, the consideration of Daniel Edwards, a trader in Turkish goods. Edwards imported the coffee and assist Rosee in setting up the establishment.Oxfords Queens mannequin Coffee House, established in 1654, is still in existence today. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses end-to-end England. Popularity of coffeehouses spread rapidly in Europe, and later, America. The banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Ger umpteen women frequented them, but in England they were banned. legion(predicate) believed coffee to have several medicinal properties in this period. For example, a 1661 tract entitled A character of coffee and coffee-houses, written by one M. P. , lists some of these perceived virtuesNot everyone was in favour of this new commodity, however. For example, the anonymous 1674 Womens Petition against Coffee decl atomic number 18 France Antoine Galland (1646-1715) in his aforementioned translation described the Muslim association with coffee, tea and chocolate We are indebted to these great Arab physicians for introducing coffee to the modern world through their writings, as well as sugar, tea, and chocolate. Galland reported that he was sure by Mr. de la Croix, the interpreter of King Louis XIV of France, that coffee was brought to capital of France by a true Mr. Thevenot, who had travelled through the East.On his return to that city in 1657, Thevenot gave some of the beans to his friends, one of whom was de la Croix. However, the major spread of the popularity of this beverage in Paris was soon to come. In 1669, Soleiman Agha, ambassador from Sultan Mehmed IV, arrived in Paris with his entourage bringing with him a large mensuration of coffee beans. Not only did they provide their cut and European guests with coffee to drink, but they also donated some beans to the royal court. Between July 1669 and May 1670, the Ambassador managed to firmly establish the custom of drinking coffee among Parisians. pic.Melange in capital of Austria Austria The first coffeehouse in Austria opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna, by using supplies from the spoils obtained after defeating the Turks. The ships officer who received the coffee beans, Polish military officer of Ukrainian origin Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, opened the coffee house and helped popularize the custom of adding sugar and take out to the coffee. Until recently, this was celebrated in Viennese coffeehouses by hanging a line drawing of Kulczycki in the window. Melange is the typical Viennese coffee, which comes abstruse w ith hot foamed milk and a glass of water.Netherlands The race among Europeans to make off with some live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in the late 17th century, when they allied with the natives of Kerala against the Portuguese and brought some live plants back from Malabar to Holland, where they were grown in greenhouses. The Dutch began growing coffee at their forts in Malabar, India, and in 1699 took some to Batavia in coffee pluck, in what is now Indonesia. Within a few eld the Dutch colonies (Java in Asia, Surinam in Americas) had drive the main suppliers of coffee to Europe. Americas.Gabriel de Clieu brought coffee seedlings to Martinique in the Caribbean circa 1720. Those sprouts flourished and 50 long time later there were 18,680 coffee trees in Martinique enabling the spread of coffee tillage to Haiti, Mexico and some otherwise islands of the Caribbean. Coffee also found its way to the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean known as the Isle of Bourbon. The plant engenderd teenyer beans and was deemed a different variety of Arabica known as var. Bourbon. The Santos coffee of Brazil and the Oaxaca coffee of Mexico are the progeny of that Bourbon tree.Circa 1727, the Emperor of Brazil sent Francisco de Mello Palheta to French dago to obtain coffee seeds to become a part of the coffee market. Francisco initially had difficulty obtaining these seeds yet he captivated the French Governors wife and she in turn, sent him enough seeds and shoots which would commence the coffee perseverance of Brazil. In 1893, the coffee from Brazil was introduced into Kenya and Tanzania (Tanganyika), not far from its place of origin in Ethiopia, 600 years prior, ending its transcontinental journey. The French colonial groves relied hard on African slave laborers.Ancient Production of coffee The first step in Europeans wresting the authority of crosswayion was cause by Nicolaes Witsen, the adventuresome burgomaster of Amsterdam and membe r of the governing board of the Dutch East India Company who urged Joan van Hoorn, the Dutch governor at Batavia that some coffee plants be obtained at the export port of Mocha in Yemen, the source of Europes supply, and established in the Dutch East Indies the project of raising many plants from the seeds of the first shipment met with much(prenominal) success that the Dutch East India Company was able to supply Europes demand with Java coffee by 1719.Encouraged by their success, they soon had coffee plantations in Ceylon Sumatra and other Sunda islands. Coffee trees were soon grown under glass at the Hortus Botanicus of Leiden, whence slips were generously extended to other botanical gardens. Dutch representatives at the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Utrecht presented their French counterparts with a coffee plant, which was grown on at the Jardin du Roi, predecessor of the Jardin des Plantes, in Paris.The introduction of coffee to the Americas was effected by Captain Ga briel des Clieux, who obtained cuttings from the reluctant botanist Antoine de Jussieu, who was loath to deface the kings coffee tree. Clieux, when water rations dwindled during a difficult voyage, dual-lane his portion with his precious plants and protected them from a Dutchman, perhaps an agent of the Provinces suspicious of the Batavian trade.Clieux nurtured the plants on his arrival in the West Indies, and established them in Guadeloupe and Saint- Domingue in addition to Martinique, where a blight had struck the cacao plantations, which were replaced by coffee plantations in a topographic point of three years, is attributed to France through its colonization of many parts of the continent starting with the Martinique and the colonies of the West Indies where the first French coffee plantations were founded. The first coffee plantation in Brazil occurred in 1727 when Lt. Col.Francisco de Melo Palheta pitch-black seeds, still essentially from the germ plasm originally taken f rom Yemen to Batavia, from French Guiana. By the 1800s, Brazils harvests would turn coffee from an elite stupidity to a drink for the masses. Brazil, which like most other countries cultivates coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for the viability of the plantations until the abolition of slavery in 1888. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty Years War (161848).For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazil was the biggest producer of coffee and a virtual monopolist in the trade. However, a policy of maintaining high prices soon opened opportunities to other nations, such(prenominal) as Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Indonesia and Vietnam, now second only to Brazil as the major coffee producer in the world. Large-scale production in Vietnam began following normalization of trade relations with the US in 1995. around all of the coffee grown there is Robusta.Despite the origins of coffee civilisation in Ethiopia, that country produced only a small amount for export until the Twentieth Century, and much of that not from the south of the country but from the contact of Harar in the northeast. The Kingdom of Kaffa, home of the plant, was estimated to produce between 50,000 and 60,000 kilograms of coffee beans in the 1880s. Commercial production effectively began in 1907 with the founding of the inland port of Gambela, and greatly increased afterwards 100,000 kilograms of coffee was exported from Gambela in 1908, while in 1927-8 over 4 million kilograms passed through that port.Coffee plantations were also real in Arsi Province at the same time, and were eventually exported by means of the Addis Ababa Djibouti Railway. While only 245,000 kilograms were freighted by the Railway, this amount jumped to 2,240,000 kilograms by 1922, surpassed exports of Harari coffee by 1925, and reached 9,260,000 kilograms in 1936. Australia is a minor coffee producer, with little product for export, but its coffee history goes back to 1880 when the first of 500  earth (2. 0 km2) began to be developed in an area between northern New South Wales and Cooktown.Today there are several producers of Arabica coffee in Australia that use a mechanical harvesting system invented in 1981. *** CHAPTER 2 INSIGHT ON COFFEE INSIGHT ON COFFEE Coffee pic Roasted coffee beans Type Hot or stone-cold beverage Country of origin Ethiopia, and Yemen Introduced Approx. 15th century AD (beverage) semblance Brown Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. They are seeds of coffee cherries that grow on trees in over 70 countries. Green coffee, for example, is one of the most traded boorish commodities in the world.Due to its caffeine content, coffee can have a stimulating effect in human s. Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. It is conception that the energizing effect of the coffee bean plant was first recognized in Yemen in Arabia and the north east of Ethiopia, and the polish of coffee first expanded in the Arab world. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of the Yemen in southern Arabia. From the Muslim world, coffee spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, and to the Americas.Coffee has play an important role in many societies throughout history. In Africa and Yemen, it was used in religious ceremonies. As a result, the Ethiopian Church banned its secular consumption until the reign of EmperorMenelik II of Ethiopia. It was banned in Ottoman Turkey during the 17th century for political reasons, and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe. Coffee berr ies, which contain the coffee bean, are produced by several species of small evergreen bush of the genus Coffea. The twain most commonly grown are Coffea canephora (also known as Coffea robusta) and Coffea arabica.Both are cultivated primarily in LatinAmerica,Southeast Asia, and Africa. Once safe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. They are then ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways. An important export commodity, coffee was the top agricultural export for 12 countries in 2004, and in 2005, it was the worlds seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value. Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment.Many studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and certain medical conditions whether the overall effect of coffee are ultima tely positive or negative has been widely disputed. However, the manner of brew coffee has been found to be important. Biology Several species of shrub of the genus Coffea produce the berries from which coffee is extracted. The two main cultivated species, Coffea canephora(also known as Coffea robusta) and C. arabica, are native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. less(prenominal) popular species are C.liberica, excelsa,stenophylla, mauritiana, and racemosa. They are classified in the large family Rubiaceae. They are evergreen shrubs or small trees that may grow 5 m (15 ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are dark green and glossy, unremarkably 1015 cm (4-6 in) long and 6 cm (2. 4 in) wide. Clusters of fragrant etiolated f bring downs bloom simultaneously and are followed by oval berries of about 1. 5 cm. Green when immature, they ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. Each cu ll usually contains two seeds, but 510% of the berries have only one these are called peaberries.Berries ripen in seven to nine months. Cultivation Coffee is usually propagated by seeds. The traditional method of planting coffee is to put 20 seeds in each hole at the beginning of the rainy season half are eliminated naturally. A more effective method of growing coffee, used in Brazil, is to test seedlings in nurseries, which are then planted outside at 6 to 12 months. Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice, during the first few years of cultivation. picMap showing areas of coffee cultivation rCoffea canephora mCoffea canephora and Coffea arabica aCoffea arabica Of the two main species grown, arabica coffee (from C. arabica) is considered more suitable for drinking than robusta coffee (from C. canephora) robusta tends to be bitter and have less flavor but ameliorate body than arabica. For these reasons, about t hree-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is C. arabica. However, C. canephora is less unprotected to disease than C. arabica and can be cultivated in environments where C. arabica will not thrive. Robusta coffee also contains about 4050% more caffeine than arabica.For this reason, it is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good quality robustas are used in some espresso blends to provide a give foam head, a full-bodied result, and to lower the ingredient cost. The species Coffea liberica and Coffea esliaca are believed to be indigenous to Liberia and southern Sudan, respectively. Most arabica coffee beans originate from either Latin America, eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee beans are grown in western and central Africa, throughout southeast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil.Beans from different countries or regions can usually be di stinguished by differences in flavor, aroma, body, or acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffees growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such as Colombian, Java or Kona. Production Brazil is the world loss leader in production of green coffee, followed by Vietnam and Colombia the last of which produces a much softer coffee.Top twenty green coffee producers  Tonnes (2007) and Bags thousands (2007) Country Tonnes Bags thousands pic Brazil 2,249,010 36,070 pic Vietnam 961,200 16,467 pic Colombia 697,377 12,515 pic Indonesia 676,475 7,751 pic Ethiopia 325,800 4,906 pic India 288,000 4,148 pic Mexico 268,565 4,150 pic Guatemala 252,000 4,100 pic Peru 225,992 2,953 pic Honduras 217,951 3,842 pic Cote dIvoire 170,849 2,150 pic Uganda 168,000 3,250 pic Costa Rica 124,055 1,791 pic Philippines 97,877 431 pic El.Salvador 95,456 1,626 pic Nicaragua 90,909 1,700 pic Papua New Guinea 75,400 968 pic Venezuela 70,311 897 pic Madagascarnote 2 62,000 604 pic Thailand 55,660 653   World 7,742,675 117,319 Ecological effects pic pic A flowering Coffea arabica tree in a Brazilian plantation Originally, coffee nation was done in the shade of trees, which provided a home ground for many animals and insects. This method is commonly referred to as the traditional shaded method, or shade-grown.Many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no woodwind instrument canopy. This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields, but requires the elucidation of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, which damage the environment and cause health problems. When co mpared to the sun cultivation method, traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields, but the quality of the coffee is allegedly superior.In addition, the traditional shaded method is environmentally friendly and provides living space for many wildlife species. Opponents of sun cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation, pesticide pollution, habitat destruction, and soil and water degradation are the side effects of these practices. The American Birding Association, Smithsonian Migratory Bird- Center, Rainforest Alliance, and the Arbor Day Foundation have led a campaign for shade-grown and organic coffees, which it says are sustainably harvested.However, while certain types of shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, they still compare indisposed to native forest in terms of habitat value. Another fuck concerning coffee is its use of water. According to New Scientist, if using industrial farming practices, it takes about 140 liters of water to grow the coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee, and the coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such as Ethiopia.By using  sustainable agriculture methods, the amount of water usagecan be dramatically reduced, while retaining corresponding yields. Coffee grounds may be used for composting or as a mulch. They are especially appreciated by worms and acid-loving plants such as blueberries. *** CHAPTER 3 TYPES OF COFFEE TYPES OF COFFEE Coffea Arabica scientific smorgasbord Kingdom Plantae (unranked) Angiosperms (unranked) Eudicots (unranked) Asterids Order Gentianales Family Rubiaceae Genus Coffea Species C. arabica binominal name Coffea arabica .Coffea arabica is a species of coffee originally indigenous to the mountains of Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, hence its name, and also from the south western highlands of Ethiopia and southeastern Sudan. It is also known as the coffee shrub of Arabia, mountain coffee or arabica coffee. Coffea arabica is believed to be the first species of coffee to be cultivated, beingness grown in southwest Arabia for well over 1,000 years. It is considered to produce better coffee than the other major commercially grown coffee species, Coffea canephora (robusta). Arabica contains less caffeine than any other commercially cultivated species of coffee. ridiculous plants grow to between 9 and 12 m tall, and have an open branching system the leaves are opposite, simple elliptic-ovate to oblong, 612 cm long and 48 cm broad, glossy dark green. The flowers are white, 1015 mm in diameter and grow in axillary clusters. The return is a drupe (though commonly called a berry) 1015 mm in diameter, maturing bright red to violet and typically contain two seeds (the coffee bean). Distribution and habitat Originally found in the southwester n highlands of Ethiopia, Coffea arabica is now out of date there in its native state, and many populations appear to be mixed native and planted trees.It is common there as an understorey shrub. It has also been vulcanised from the Boma Plateau in southeastern Sudan. Coffea arabica is also found on Mt Marsabit in northern Kenya, but it is unclear whether this is a really native or naturalised occurrence. Yemen is also believed to have native Coffea arabica growing in fields. Cultivation Coffea arabica takes about seven years to mature fully and does trump out with 1- 1. 5 meters (about 40-59 inches) of rain, evenly distributed throughout the year. It is usually cultivated between 1,300 and 1,500 m altitude, but there are plantations as low as sea level and as high as 2,800 m.The plant can tolerate low temperatures, but not frost, and it does best when the temperature hovers around 20 C (68 F). Commercial cultivars mostly only grow to about 5 m, and are frequently trimmed as l ow as 2 m to facilitate harvesting. Unlike Coffea canephora, Coffea arabica prefers to be grown in light shade. Two to four years after planting Coffea arabica produces small, white and highly fragrant flowers. The lovable fragrance resembles the sweet smell of jasmine flowers. When flowers open on sunny days, this results in the greatest numbers of berries.This can be a curse however as coffee plants tend to produce too many berries this can lead to an inferior harvest and even damage yield in the following years as the plant will favor the suppuration of berries to the detriment of its own health. On well kept plantations this is prevented by cut back the tree. The flowers themselves only last a few days leaving john only the thick dark green leaves. The berries then begin to appear. These are as dark green as the foliage, until they begin to ripen, at first to yellow and then light red and finally darkening to a glossy deep red.At this point they are called cherries and are w ork for picking. The berries are oblong and about 1 cm long. Inferior coffee results from picking them too early or too late, so many are picked by hand to be able to better recognize them, as they do not all ripen at the same time. They are sometimes shaken off the tree onto mats, which means that ripe and unripe berries are collected together. The trees are difficult to cultivate and each tree can produce anywhere from 0. 55 kg of dried beans, depending on the trees individual character and the clime that season.The real prize of this cash crop are the beans inside. Each berry holds two locules containing the beans. The coffee beans are actually two seeds within the fruit there is sometimes a third seed or one seed, a peaberry in the fruits at tips of the branches. These seeds are covered in two membranes, the outer one is called the parchment and the inner one is called the silver skin. In perfect conditions, like those of Java, trees are planted at all times of the yea r and are harvested year round. In less warning conditions, like those in parts of Brazil, the trees have a season and are harvested only in winter.The plants are vulnerable to damage in ridiculous growing conditions and are also more vulnerable to pests than the Robusta plant. Gourmet coffees are almost exclusively high-quality mild varieties of coffea arabica, like Colombian coffee. Arabica coffee production in Indonesia began in 1699. Indonesian coffees, such as Sumatran and Java, are known for heavy body and low acidity. This makes them ideal for blending with the higher acidity coffees from Central America and East Africa. Coffea canephora Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae (unranked) Angiosperms (unranked) Eudicots (unranked) Asterids Order Gentianales Family Rubiaceae Genus Coffea Species C. canephora Binomial name Coffea canephora Coffea canephora (Robusta Coffee Coffea robusta) is a species of coffee which has its origins in central and western subsahar an Africa. It is grown mostly in Africa and Brazil, where it is often called Conillon. It is also grown in Southeast Asia where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century. In recent years Vietnam, which only produces robusta, has surpassed Brazil, India, and Indonesia to become the worlds single largest exporter.Approximately one third of the coffee produced in the world is robusta. Canephora is easier to care for than the other major species of coffee, Coffea arabica, and, because of this, is cheaper to produce. Since arabica beans are often considered superior, robusta is usually limited to lower grade coffee blends as filler. It is however often included in instant coffee, and in espresso blends to foster the formation of crema. Robusta has about twice as much caffeine as arabica. Description Coffea canephora grew.