Using teaching styles to make positive contributions in physical education

Using t all told(prenominal) carriages to make positive contributions in animal(prenominal) learnThe habit of leave breeding fashions makes an important contribution to childrens learn in bodily education. Different article of faith expressive modalitys affect many aspects of teaching and learn, including the acquisition environment and the instructors magnate to meet individual needs. As somatogenic education has a broad(a) spectrum of objectives according to Macfayden Bailey (2002) teachers should drug abuse a wide chassis of teaching panaches to ensure that pupils achieve the wide smorgasbord of techniques and sciences that physical education has to gainer. This cogitation will consider the various definitions associated with the topic and accept specific attention to the spectrum of teaching ways proposed by Mosston Ashworth (1986). The hire will past specifically revolve around on use of the productive and productive styles by analysing my bea r bring against come activeings from literature.The frame establish for teaching styles and demeanours came from work by Mosston (1966). The ideas that Mosston proposed eat up changed and adapted since the first publication of the framework. The interaction between teacher and assimilator has been developed since his sign publication (Mosston Ashworth, 1986) and pass water provided a framework where the decisions ar the main element and the relationship between the teacher and the learner has in making those decisions. So influential was it that the work by Nixon Locke (1973) described it as the to the risqueest degree signifi faecest advance in the theory of physical education pedagogy in recent history.A teaching style is come to with how an activity is shifted, alternatively than what is delivered, (Macfadyen Bailey, 2002). enquiry conducted by Siendentop (1991) has alike suggested that a teaching style is typified by the instructional and managerial climate tha t exists during the lesson which can be observed in the main that the teacher interacts with the pupils and in some cases if on that point is an interaction at all. The Spectrum incorporates ten landmark styles solutiond on the decimal point to which the teacher or the student assumes responsibility for what happens in a lesson. This describes a continuum, where at one extreme is the direct, teacher-led approach and at the other lies a much to a greater extent open-ended and student-centred style where the teacher acts just now in a facilitator role.Reproductive Teaching StylesThe reproductive or direct bundle acknowledges the mold, practice, reciprocal cross, self check and comprehension teaching styles (Mosston Ashworth, 2002). Direct styles of teaching accept the learner to reproduce kn induce material or friendship by replicating a specific model. This often involves submit matter relating to concrete facts, rules or specific accomplishments/movements (Rink, 2002) . In social club for pupils to re frame specific skills Derri Pachta (2007) set that learners moldiness first be provided with a proper technical model to emulate, cap equal duration to practice the model and sound feedback related to the original model, with the correct technical model often being shown by the teacher. Research conducted by Pieron (1998) supports the use of the manipulate teaching style as the author argues that copy the roughly efficient style (that of the teachers demonstration) is highly utile. It is seen as more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) profitable because it saves m as the teacher has the overall responsibility for correcting faults and it ensures that pupils receive holy feedback. The look into conducted by Salvara et al (2006) highlighted that the direct teaching styles specifically the statement style has been shown to founder a positive impact on associate control and motor per tenorance. Within my teaching I acquire lay out that using this style of teaching to be the nearly utile for break up control especially when the crystallize has a large flake of pupils and when the class selects a lot of behaviour management strategies utilise to control to the class. nevertheless Pellett Blakemore (1997) conducted a knowledge of task presentation and content performance of iv teachers who all had difference takes of beat and instal that students taught by an undergo teacher were more trenchant at performing the skills when comp ared to being taught by a teacher of little nonplus.My experience whilst on teacher training has to a fault back up these findings as I was able to present the tasks more clearly to pupils when I had more experience in that particular activity. I was likewise able to variousiate the task to a higher direct with activities that I was familiar with as I had more ideas and experience to draw upon, whereas with activities I had little experience of I put it more challenging to be original and progress the pupils.This has consequenceed in me taking actions towards trying to repair subject knowledge in areas of the curriculum where my experience is lacking or insufficient. Research conducted by Griffey (1983) has comprise that when practicing skills students of lower might benefited more from the command style of teaching as they had little previous experience to draw from. This is something that I have as well noticed, when teaching lower ability groups it is more adept to regress the instruction or demonstration of task to save time and when working with higher ability pupils allowing the more able pupils to demonstrate the skill to increase pupil motivation. These findings have not been supported by Goldberger Gerney (1990) who gear up that under circuit training conditions the lower ability pupils seemed to benefit more from the opportwholey to make decisions to the highest degree time spent practicing at each pos t. However within this study the practice style of teaching has excessively been meditated.According to Byra (2000) in the practice style of teaching the learners work at their own pace and complete teacher designed tasks in the order they choose, the class is organised around stations and the teacher provides individual feedback to the learners. The well-nigh effective type of practice style of teaching I have used whilst on teaching experience was the use of circuit training as I chose the activities/skills/tasks to be practiced at each station and the pupils chose the intensity to which they performed as each station. In a study by Beckett (1991) on college age students the practice style has proved to be in truth effective in promoting motor skill changes. From my experience of using this style I discovered that it was not particularly useful at promoting learning when thither was expressage time or large groups as varied ability pupils will progress at diametrical quantif y and lay down long-run with certain skills. However the ages of pupils should be taken into consideration as my experience is from working with pupils aged 11-16 who because they are more susceptible to cultivation in motor skills than college aged students. This may explain why Beckett did not notice any changes in motor skills as the subject in his study may have already fully developed. My experience has also been determine and supported by Goldberger Gerney (1986) Goldberger et al (1982).However I did find this style of teaching useful during a health and fitness unit of work where the beat of skill learning was minimal and the main focus on the lesson was for pupils to be active using circuit training and the learning was aimed at pupils being introduced to new knowledge or gaining a pull ahead understanding of current knowledge on different types of exercises rather than developing skills.The reciprocal style has also been examined by Goldberger Gerney (1986) Goldb erger et al (1982). These inquiryers identified that in this style the learners work in pairs to achieve the outcomes. The teachers ability to give effective instruction/information is important when using this style as when one learner performs the other observes and gives feedback to the performer specific to the instruction that the teacher gives at the start of the task and when the performer completes the task the learners switch roles. From my experience the approximately effective ways of giving instruction are in the form of a demonstration or a criteria sheet, I also found that demonstrations are very effective when demonstrating skills that I can show high levels of competence. In addition to improved skill performance Goldberger (1992) also found that learners in the reciprocal style provided more feedback, expressed more empathy, offered more praise and encouragement and requested more feedback from each other when compared to a control group. However from my experienc e of this style the spousal relationship of pupils is important as if you pair pupils of different levels the feedback would either be to complex or alike simple thus change the do of learning and skill performance. in any case when working with pupils/groups where behaviour management is an issue it is more beneficial for the teacher to pair the pupils according to ability rather than letting pupils pick their companion as this tends to lead to the pupils picking friends and being distracted and going off task. I have also found that the way in which you give the instruction also can have an effect on the lesson as task sheets often dont work with groups where behaviour management is an issue as they do not respond well to the resource and see it as something to mess about with rather than an educational tool.Byra Marks (1993) conducted a study which focuses on the reciprocal style and the effects that different pairings had on pupils fastenment. This study highlighted pupi ls who were identified as friends gave more effective and specific feedback due to their console levels being higher as they were working with a friend.The authors also found that grouping by ability had no effect on the amount of feedback given or the comfort level which is in stopment with my own personal experiences. This studies findings suggests that pupil working with friends is beneficial besides this study does not take into account the behaviour of the group which I have experienced can be a major contributing fact when pairing pupils. I have experienced when allowing pupils to work in friendship pairs can sometimes be detrimental when they feel the task is not recognize or beneficial as they distract each other and sometimes dont complete the task. I have found that to pair pupils with friends is beneficial only when you have built a rapport with the pupils and are aware of how they reply working with friends. My experience of this style is that it is also beneficial to use when assessing pupils providing they are aware of the grading criteria they can receive more feedback thus improve performance when compared to other direct teaching styles. In support of this coxswain (1986) found that when comparing the reciprocal style against the command and practice styles that the amount of skill movements was very similar which was surprising as the reciprocal style involves a lot more feedback. It was also found that three times the number of feedback statements were offered to performers using the reciprocal style resulting in higher skills and knowledge gains along with the development of social relationship skills.According to Byra Jenkins (1998) within the inclusion body style of teaching learners choose the level of difficulty within a task and assess their own skill performance. With this in mind the benefits of the inclusion style are that it provides pupils with the opportunity to engage in activity that is to their appropriate skill/knowl edge level potentially increasing inclusion and engagement. My experience of using this style of teaching is that I have attempted to include it in all of my lessons as ensuring all pupils are included is intrinsic to any lesson. However when allowing pupils to decided which skill level they work at often resulted in pupils choosing a level that is not appropriate whether that be to simple or too complex. This goes against the spectrum theory which suggests that the condition provided by the inclusion style should promote success for all learners (Mosston Ashworth, 1994).The findings of Goldberger Gerney (1986) Goldberger et al (1982) has supported my experience and observed that the majority of learners made inappropriate and ineffective decisions for their skill level by choosing levels that were too complex for them to reach success or the objectives correct when encouraged or prompted by the teacher. From this I have learned to site boundaries for those pupils that make th e task to difficult so for fashion model when send awaying and catching aspect a maximum or minimum distance they can throw the ball. My experience has also taught me that this style is most effective when used with older pupils as they have a better self concept of their own ability and are less susceptible to peer pressure this was also observed by Beckett (1991). In study of college aged students Beckett (1991) found that the inclusion style to be as effective as the practice style for learner skill performance when learning motor skills. These finding do not support the conclusions of Goldberger Gerney (1986) Goldberger et al (1982) and it was suggested that the difference in students ages as a contributing factor which supports my experience. My experience of the Inclusion style has also highlighted the immenseness of planning and assessment for the lesson as I have already identified that pupils sometimes dont make the correct decisions. Therefore as a result of this I found it beneficial to assess the pupils who set boundaries and goals that may be above or below their level and pupils who do not work well together and then plan a strategy into the contiguous lesson to ensure that those pupils remain cerebrate and on task.Productive Teaching StylesWhen compared to the reproductive teaching style the productive cluster of Mosston Ashworth (1994) spectrum of teaching styles has little minimise question. The productive cluster requires the learner to produce new knowledge, from my experience the teacher needs a high level of understanding and creativity to create or design scenarios. According to Byra (2000) within the productive styles of teaching pupils should engage in cognitive operations like problem solving, creative trusting, inventing and searing thinking to discover new movements. It is the responsibility of the teacher to provide time for cognitive processing therefore there needs to be a class climate focused on searching and exami ning and feedback for producing different solutions rather than the same generic response (Mosston Ashworth, 2002).According to Mosston Ashworth (1986) six teaching styles have been identified in the productive cluster they are guided find and convergent discovery which both require convergent thinking from the learners and different production, individual program learner design, learner initiated and self teaching which require different thinking from learners. The majority of the question in this area has examine the effects of the divergent discovery, convergent discovery and guided discovery. In a study by Cleland Gallahue (1993) divergent movement patterns were observed to establish baseline information and to examine the different factors that contribute to a childs production of divergent movement. The findings highlighted that learners could modify, adopt and combine fundamental movement patterns to produce divergent movement. In a further study Cleland (1994) comp ared the divergent discovery style against the command style and a no instruction control group to examine the learners ability to produce divergent movement. The findings of this study were that students generated a greater number of divergent movements under the divergent discovery condition. The researcher concluded that employing scathing thinking in the form of the divergent discovery style positively effects learners ability to generate a higher quantity of divergent movement patterns. My experience of using this teaching style is that the pupils age/ maturity date and experience levels are major contributing factors as learners with low levels of experience have limited subject knowledge to draw from thus affecting their ability to modify current skills/movement my experience has also been supported by the findings of Cleland Gallahue (1993).As the previous research suggests a pupils ability to think exactly is important within the productive cluster of teaching styles, a ppetency this in mind Cleland Pearse (1995) conducted a study which examined the methods that physical education teachers use to ensure that pupils use critical thinking. Critical thinking has been defined by McBride (1992) as reflective thinking is used to make reasonable decisions about movement tasks or challenges (page 115). This studies conclusion match with my experience which was that this style was most effective when employing the practice style of teaching to give instruction/deliver the subject knowledge then adopting guided discovery and convergent discovery to allow the pupils to think critically. The study also highlighted that the more experienced teachers were able to create a more effective environment for the pupils to use creative thinking skills McBride (1992).From my experience I have also been able to agree with these findings as I felt more comfortable creating an environment that was causative to creative thinking when teaching a subject I had more experien ce in as I was able to give more effective feedback.The research presented to this point has seemed to favour the use of the productive teaching styles especially when creating cognitive learning however there is conflicting research presented by Salter Graham (1985). Salter Graham (1985) examined the effects of the command style, guided discovery style and no instruction on learners skill learning, cognitive learning and skill attempts. The results showed that although their was evidence that learning occurred using all three styles the pupils in the guided discovery and command style record significantly better cognitive learning compared to no instruction. For skill attempts however learners in the no instruction style made significantly more attempts at the task than learners in the other styles. The researchers went onto recommend that a longer practice time than 20 minutes may have resulted in the guided discovery having more skill learning, cognitive learning and skill atte mpts as this style requires longer practice time for the full benefits to be witnessed. From my own experience this is something which I have also observed as pupils respond better when they have longer periods of time to experiment different skill movements. My experience has also taught me that to increase the practice time requires effective instruction delivery which has also been identified by Cleland Pearse (1995).ConclusionIn conclusion several research questions have been answered about the reproductive styles of teaching what the effects of the reproductive styles have on learning, how learners of different ability level are influenced by different styles, what effect pairings have on pupils ability to give effective feedback, what factors influence learners decision making and what effect the different styles have on learners ability to learn new knowledge.The findings from the productive style are can learners employ critical thinking, what is the effect of productive st yles on learners ability to produce divergent movement and how can teachers promote critical thinking. The amount of research that is available for the productive styles of teaching in limited when compared to the breadth of research studies on the reproductive teaching styles. However, a study by Cothran et al. (2000) has identify that teachers reported using a variety of style in their lessons yet only one productive style was in the top five styles used.Although it is encouraging that teachers report using a variety these results must be interpreted as it suggests that teachers over estimate the variety of teaching styles used thus affecting the amount of research there is available in relation to the productive styles of teaching. Research conducted by Goldberger (1992) has identified that the reason that may remain unconvinced or unsure of the styles use is because of the lack of confirmatory research on those styles. Therefore further research is needed into the productive st yles of teaching to provide teachers with a knowledge base on how these styles can be effective at promoting learning.RecommendationsThese findings have provided an initial insight into the use of teaching styles across a theoretically link spectrum. One noticeable exception was that there is conflict within the research findings and not all researchers reported the same findings which identifies that there are a significant amount of variables related to spectrum research and that the variable that is being focused on should be properly investigated by using the correct research method. Spectrum research needs to continue as not all findings regarding assumptions associated to the spectrum have not been supported. However, some assumptions have been confirmed within this study for example the reciprocal style does in fact facilitate the provision of feedback, more so than any another style and having learners chose their partners based on friendships helps improve social skills (B yra Marks, 1993). Other assumptions like, the self check and inclusion styles are the most effective at promoting cognitive development and the inclusion style is most effective at improving participation of low, medium and high ability learners still needs to be examined. Replication studies also need to be conducted in different environments as the research findings and my experience would suggest that the reciprocal style is an effective style at promoting feedback.However, would it be as effective at facilitating learning with different aged pupils in different schools where behaviour management has a far greater emphasis in lessons. later on reviewing the appropriate relevant literature and reflecting on my own personal experiences I feel that the use of appropriate teaching styles makes an important contribution to pupils learning in bodily Education and should not be left to chance. physical Education can provide pupils with the opportunity to think critically, problem br ing and to improve own learning. Pupils will be able to think about what they are doing and make decisions independently and know when to use principles such as choreography, games strategies and problem solving. If pupils are to access the full National Curriculum for somatic Education (NCPE) (DfEE/QCA, 1999) and to achieve the outcomes of high quality Physical Education (QCA/DfES, 2005), teachers must employ a variety of appropriate teaching styles to facilitate the opportunities that Physical Education offers. It is because of this that both reproductive and productive teaching styles should be used to enhance learning and motivation.

George the 3rds Reign: Public Perceptions

George the 3rds Reign Public Perceptions dispute the common perception of George common chord in the first half of his reign.The troikas bone marrow year reign of George III from 1760 to 1820 is the arrest immenseest of any British monarch save Victoria, his granddaughter. It endured the as yet unrival conduct Gordon Riots of 1780, in which 10,000 promenade were deployed and some 100,000 of damage caused, the independence of America after days of pricey war and witnessed the French Revolution of 1789 and the horrors and war that fol kickoffed. When George III died in 1820 he was thoroughly mourned 30,000 heap attended the supposedly private funeral, despite the circumstance that the king had been out of the exoteric eye since 1810 shops were shut and laudatory sermons penned (Colley 1984, 94). to date the public perception of George in the first half of his reign is around more ambiguous and controversial Samuel Romilly wrote that from the beginning of his reign to t he close of the Ameri bay window War, he was whiz of the intimately unpopular princes that ever sat on he throne (quoted in Colley 2005, 208).Picard (2000, 288), on the early(a) hand, notes that the accession of George III was greeted by the people with delirious en thenceiasm. On his coronation at the age of 22, George whitethorn indeed go through seemed an attractive prospect, in picky because, un standardised his dickens predecessors on the throne, he had been born and educated in England and spoke English as his first language. The stigma of being st outrank did not apply to him and his chemical bond to Hanover, regularly preferred by George II, was not great, in fact he described it as that horrid electorate (Ditch plain stitch 2002, 23). In his first vernacular before parliament, George emphasised this, born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain (Shapiro 1972, 30). As for his character, Horace Walpole noted, the king seemed good-natured, locom ote about and talking to e realbody as puff up as occupying the throne with gravitas and grace and answering addresses well (Long 1962, 67). Even so, Colley has noted that while the brand-new king may establish been better received than the previous Georges, he received little public acclaim than William Pitt the Elder, whom he had rebuffed upon the death of George II (Colley 2005, 401 n.28 Colley 1984, 94 Long 1962, 64-65).Despite what might be possessed of been an optimistic beginning, the popularity of George seems to have waned, at least in certain quarters, during the 1760s. Early cartoons chthonianmine him, show him chthonian the control of his induce and Lord Bute (Colley 2005, 209). A cartoon of 1770 vividly comp bes the reception of the king in 1760 and 1770 (Clarke 1972, 75). In contrast to the crowded driveway of celebrants in 1760, in 1770 the kings sufficeion proceeds only through London as the driver comments we are no hourlong plagued with the acclamati on of the people. Clarke (1972, 74) comments that this visible dis matter was caused by rising commonwealth and deteriorating living standards. Other prints from the late 1760s show George as a blind, compromising child, in 1773 and 1780 he was portrayed as a drain on Britannia, in 1779 and 1784 he was shown as an oriental tyrant and (Colley 1984, 102). Perhaps collectable(p) to his friendship with members of the Catholic elite and his sponsorship of the sons of Catholic gentlemen of reputable character as well as his support for measured Catholic relief and suppression of the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots of 1780, he was crimson appointed as a clo secure Catholic (Ditch surface area of study 2002, 100-101, 106).It was during the early 1760s that John Wilkes rose to public prominence and popularity, ofttimes at the expense of the king and Bute. Wilkes, an English MP, had begun to publish a paper, The northwesterly Briton, in opposition to the Scottish Butes paper The Briton, which supported peace with France, (Shapiro 1972, 37). Wilkes was, amongst early(a) things, anti-Scottish and pro-English, a womaniser and a member of the Hell Fire gild (Colley 2005, 106). As practically(prenominal), he stood in stark contrast to the king, and seems to have been a more popular figure with the public. In response to Georges speech proposing peace with France, he published number 45 of The North Briton, in which he notoriously criticised the king and his new minister Grenville, causing his draw under a general warrant (Clarke 1972, 42). He then capitalised on the unpopular use of general warrants, presenting himself as a champion of self-reliance against tyranny, and they were later declared illegal (Shapiro 1972, 47).Georges early unpopularity seems to have been out-of-pocket to his break with the Whigs and his promotion of his inninger tutor and relative political noncitizen Bute and their policy of peace with France (Clarke 1972, 38). He was suspected of trying to increase gallant power and acting unconstitutionally, leading to accusations of tyranny, although it is only natural that Whigs and the excluded would respond in such a way after their years of prominence. His early annunciation of Britishness, while inclusive in spirit, rankled with sections of the majority English, as did his choice of the Scottish Bute, a Stuart, who was too reputedly the lover of the kings m other(a) and a Tory (Shapiro 1972, 32-33). His unpopularity may in any case have owed something to the kings sensed dullness and ordinariness and a lack of ceremony and majesty to grow the princely image (Colley 2005, 202). For simulation, the royal couple were brought to their coronation in bar chairs and Samuel Johnson commented that the crown was too frequently worn out of sight of the people (Colley 2005, 203).In the 1770s and early 1780s, with Lord North as his minister, it was the loss of the Ameri stick out colonies and defeat by them that became a real public humiliation for George, as well as a political crisis (Cannon 2004). In 1775, John Wesley commented that most people heartily despise his majesty, and hate him with a perfect shame (quoted in Colley 2005, 208). Even so, public opinion on the war was seriously fractured on both sides and Colley notes that the experience of this particular war, against a colony comprehend as the mirror of Britain and without allies in Europe, seems actually to have immovable some of the uncertainties and divisions of the 1760s and early 1770s, although North was forced to resign in 1782 (Colley 2005, 137, 143). Indeed, North absorbed much of the responsibility and images of George himself tend to become more positive, a great deal portraying him as St George, John Bull or later as the guardian of the nation (Colley 1984, 102). This is especially the case following the kings illness in 1788, which showed his vulnerability and aroused great pity (Colley 2005, 212).A more conscious fos tering of royalism and its link with nationalism in atomic number 42 half of Georges reign inevitably casts a shadow stern over his public perception in the first half. For voice, the first royal jubilee was held on 25 Oct 1809 and celebrated around the empire as well as in 650 locations around England (Colley 2005, 218). While Georges famed domesticity may have been unexciting in a young king, his morality and example perhaps influenced the shifting virtues of the late eighteenth century towards an idea of the family and aesthesia and away from indecency, especially popular amongst the developing middle setes (Porter 1990, 305-307). There was also an increasing sentimental female attachment to royalty (Colley 2005, 218-19). Through his long life he became a symbol of continuity and stability in Britain against the anarchy that had over take awayn much of Europe (Colley 2005, 223-24). Public ceremony and pomp also was taken more seriously with some 27,000 volunteers displaying in Hyde Park in 1803 (Colley 2005, 225).Inevitably, the public perception of George III varied from someone to person and it is ill- get a lineed to overgeneralise there is evidence for both popularity and approval and their opposites and there is doubtless much that is partisan in popular publications (Colley 2005, 208, 228). moreover, the increasing popularity of George in the last mentioned half of his reign does seem to highlight his more ambiguous public status in the first half, exclusively should be taken in the context of increasing concern for fostering the royal image. Insofar as it is possible to gauge public perceptions, he was viewed in the first half of his reign with a mixture of optimism, suspicion, ridicule, love and hatred. He may have offended Wilkes, the Whigs and the old elite and seemed weak and under the control of his mother and Bute, but his loyalty to his country, delight in family, al-Qaida and farm and abbreviate longevity eventually offered a uni fying factor in a changing country and a changed world. Through the loss of America, and his very public illness and confinement, George, rather than becoming less popular, could be seen to embody a more national feeling, and indeed this changing image, rather than power, of royalty has been positive by monarchs ever since. Thus Colley (2005, 401 n.28) observes that it was from the 1780s that there was a sustainable jump out in his popularity and patriotic significance.BibliographyCannon, J. 2004. George III and Historys Poisoned Well. Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/monarchs_leaders/george_iii_poisoned_well_01.shtml (22/10/5)Clarke, J. 1972. The lifetime and Times of George III. London Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Colley, L. 1984. The deification of George III Loyalty, Royalty and the British Nation 1760-1820. Past and Present 102 (February), 94-129.Colley, L. 2005. Britons beat the Nation 1707-1837. New Haven and London Yale University Press.Ditchfield, G.M. 2002. G eorge III An Essay in Monarchy. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Long, J.C. 1962. George III A Biography. London Macmillan.Picard, L. 2000. Dr Johnsons London Everyday Life in London 1740-1770. London Phoenix.Porter, R. 1990. English Society in the 18th Century. Revised edition. London Penguin.Shapiro, H. 1972. John Wilkes and Parliament. London Longman.GIS Basics spacial selective discipline Structure and facultyGIS Basics Spatial selective randomness Structure and ModuleGIS Basics Spatial info Structure and ModuleIntroductionThe ahead chapter of the book, GIS Basics, deals with spacial entropy structures and models. 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Reliability instrument that the user of the information has to ensure that it is accurate and it emanates from a verifiable source, which is practically acquirable via independent means. The principle of timeliness requires information to remain useful depending on the purpose for the conversion of the data. The principle of consistency incorporates the need to harbour with other sources while convenience means that information should be delicate to handle for the user and obtain protection form malw are and unsupervised access.An information brass changes data into information through various processes. The first process, videlicet conversion, involves the transformation of data from one format, unit of mensuration, or feature of assortment to another in order to match the usage. Organization of data forms the reciprocal ohm process, which often involves ar posement of data according to database focussing rules and procedure for undemanding access and use. 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A database, on the other hand, contains a group of related records create in one or more data files with similar or different data types or formats. The type of storage for a data file is limber enough to be manual or digital while that of the database relies rigorously on computers.These differences occur due to the capacity of a computer to process more information at a time than a person does, the ability to process different data files, create a relationship between them, and store the data files within the shortest time possible. The founding of data files often occurs manually, thus limiting the amount of processing that is applicable to a particular data type or format description at any one time. Secondly, the aim for data file processing commonly touches on the creation of a particular solution and often pelf after the establishment of the solution. Database processing often aims at a numberless of solutions for the different data files, the creation of relations between such data files and sometimes the formulation of predictable variables that aid organizations in the decision-making process. Thirdly, a database often complies with the central control of data in order to ease the redistribution of the same within different departments in an organization. Through computer networking, this characteristic ensures that different departments within an organization receive the same information, depending on the need for such information. Databases are classifiable into relational table like, network have pointers linking them to associated files, class-conscious data tree like relationship, and object-oriented data, which are associated with specific objec ts. graphic data, which is the second organization of information in the data perspective, has its most basic element kat oncen as basic graphical element. There exist three basic graphical elements, videlicet point, line, and polygon or area. These elements can be employed to represent geographic features as single entities or jointly to form complex geographical features. The use of these basic graphical elements to represent geographical data yields vector data. The vector data is conventionally organized into layers of related themes, which yield entities such as base maps, vegetation, soil, and political boundaries among galore(postnominal) others. Several themes of vector data about a specific geographical region constitute the spatial component of a geographical database. This system of delegation is based on the object view of the real world.Graphical data yielded by imaging devices gives another form of graphical data known as raster data. This form of data comes from the representation of geographical data in the form of picture elements (pixels). Thus, raster pixels capture a generalized representation of a abandoned area. This form of data can also be ordered into themes, which eventually give information such as vegetation cover and land use among others. This method of representation is based on the field view of the real world.The relationship perspective of information organizationRelationships are important in information organization and they can be either categorical or spatial based on what they describe. matted relationships are concerned with how individual features in a classification system are linked. Classification follows the concept of scales of metre of which there are four distinct types, viz. the nominal scale (qualitative, non-ranking, non-numerical), ordinal scale (nominal, with ranking), legal separation scale (ordinal, with ranking, numerical values based on arbitrary data), and ratio scale (interval scale with numer ical values based on autocratic data).Categorical relationships that use measurement scales, which involve ranking, have their data screen into varying levels of detail. At the highest level of classification, data is broadly classified, but this aspect changes down the classification hierarchy. Descriptive data follows this system of classification. On the other hand, spatial relationships are concerned with how different features in space are linked to one another. In graphical data, one can effortlessly make out spatial relationships, but transferring these graphical spatial relationships into a database remains a challenge. Implicitly capturing spatial relationships into databases is characterized by the need for full-grown storage and slow data computation. Yet spatial relationships are very important in geographical data intervention. Thus, the aim of information organization and data structure in this context is to establish ways of handling spatial relationships with the least possible storage or computation thresholds.operating(a) system perspective of information organizationIn this perspective, information is arranged in the form of directories, which are special computer files that arrange other files into a hierarchy. With reference to systems that employ graphical user interfaces, directories are also known as folders. Directories fall into different levels such as steady down directories (top most), sub-directory (under another), and parent directory (above another). Usually, files of similar characteristics are placed in one directory such that the path that leads to a file comprises the directory name and the file name. Geographical information systems borrow the same concept, but they refer to it as the workspace. This aspect implies that in geographical information system terms, a workspace is a directory that contains files relating to a given project.The application architecture perspective of information organizationToday, computer s oftware geminates a client/server system in their architecture. This system denotes a relationship among computers on telecommunication network, or several processes within a single computer. A client thus denotes a process that seeks master from one or many servers simultaneously. A server, on the other hand, is a process that provides the requested go to one or many computers at once. Information systems have many ways by which they can replicate the client/server. However, there are five commonly used ways, viz. database, file, web, groupware, and transaction servers. The aim of information organization from this perspective is to come up with means of easing the transfer of resources between clients and servers. This closing is achievable by ensuring that data is strategicalally placed at the appropriate location onside similar data to ease access to the data.Data Fundamental conceptsData conventionally refers to facts. Some are meaningful the users while others are not . The data that users consider as important is protected in arrangements known as databases. Data can be spatial or non-spatial. Spatial data is concerned with location, orientation, size, and shape. The relationship between these elements leads to spatial relationships, which is typical of spatial data. Non-spatial data, on the other hand, is conventionally linear and autonomous. The difference between spatial and non-spatial data is so pronounced that their storage and management differs.The complex nature of spatial data and its numerous relationships necessitated the development of databases. Databases underscore the information itself, not the storage medium that holds the information. GIS is in a position to be developed and managed due to databases for they form the building blocks for GIS. This aspect is made possible by the concept of database management systems (DBMS).A larger system of information organization and management is the repository. A repository is an arrangeme nt developed with the aim of storing and protecting data. It could consist of several databases, which perchance contain related information or sometimes the databases can be completely unrelated. A repository is developed such that it supports the addition, retrieval, and deletion of the information contained therein. Some allow the changing or update of data. Repositories are comparable to cant vaults since their primary purpose is to protect their content from theft or destruction. Repositories are known for two draw features, viz. security and robustness. Mostly, there is a need for a password in order to access the contents of a repository. The robustness feature also ensures that accidental destruction of data in a repository is minimized. This goal is achieved through the transactional mechanism, whereby a series of database manipulations are designed such that enclose of any interruption, the database restores itself to the pre-transactional state.Database management sys tems (DBMS)This system is a type of repository, which allows for the manipulation of a database and whose user interface allows for the administration of the database. A phonebook is the best example of a DBMS. While a repository was likened to a bank vault, a DBMS can be liked to a full-fledged bank with all its services. Thus, they provide comprehensive database manipulation functionalities.Discussion PointsThe distinction between data and information evades many people. They often find oneself themselves using these two terms interchangeably, that is, one in place of the other. However, it is apparent that the two terms denote very distinct concepts such that using one sort of of the other is incorrect and misleading. In the light of this observation, what are the fundamental elements of information that getly set it apart from data? In highlighting these elements, it is inevitable to outline the relationship between the two concepts as well.The advent of computers has revolu tionized every field of study including geography. It is now easier to manage data, files and databases because of the improved functionality provided by computer applications that have been developed to enhance these functionalities. In the field of geography, this improvement can be seen in the development of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). With this development in mind, what are the key additions that computers have brought to the field of geography, without which, they would be considered inconsequential to this field?In the current age, information access, sharing and transfer has become easily due technological advancement. This has led to this age being termed as the information explosion age. Thus, the development of information organization systems can be seen as an attempt at making meaningful use of the information at the disposal of humanity. The three information organization perspectives discussed in this chapter all have some relevance to geography. In your a ssessment, is there a particular information organization perspective that can be considered more appropriate to the field of geography? What evidence supports your answer?Balanced Scorecard Case lease TescoBalanced Scorecard Case Study TescoCompetitive Environment of TescoTesco is the largest regimen retailer in the UK and one of the leading grocery retailers in the world. It supplies 30% of the food purchases made in the UK. More than 550,000 employees service the callers nodes in almost 5,000 locations spread across 14 countries in Europe, Asia and North America (Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3).The companys operations in the British retailing space, coupled with its steady abroad expansion, have opened it to numerous warlike challenges and threats. In the UK, the company faces plastered and increasing disceptation from its heavyweight rivals like ASDA-Walmart, Sainsburys and Morrison (Finch Wood, 2010, p 1-2). Each of these organisations is incessantly trying to improve its commercialize share through various customer concentrate and efficiency oriented strategies (Finch Wood, 2010, p 1-2). Whilst Tesco continues to lead in merchandise share, sales and profitability in the UK, it remains under constant competitive pressure and any strategic or market place misunderstanding could have adverse results (Finch Wood, 2010, p 1-2). The economic environment in the UK is possibly going through its worst turmoil since the 1980s. Increasing unemployment, thousands of job losings and a very slowly reviving economy have dampened the zeal of supermarket shoppers and created punishing market conditions for market participants (Kollewe, 2010, p 1-2). Sharp reduction in government spending, the proposed elimination of thousands of public sector jobs by the present conglutination government and the three-fold increase in academic fees have already led to widespread protests and are expected to affect the economic climate but (ABC Inc, 2010, p 1).Whilst the com pany is steadily increasing its world(a) footprint, the UK continues to be its overpoweringly large market and accounts for practically 67 % of its total sales and 71 % of its profits (Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3). The economic and social turmoil in the country, along with increased competitive pressure from its main competitors will certainly increase environmental and competitive challenges for the company fierce in the coming years (Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3).Tesco has in recent years been working at steadily expanding its global operations. Its global presence is however less than that of Walmart, Carrefour and tube-shaped structure and its position in the global retail market, whilst strong and increasing, do not mirror its dominant position in the United Kingdom and it is the grocery leader in only two overseas markets, Malaysia and Thailand (Finch Wood, 2010, p 1-2). Tesco, like other major firms expanding strongly into international markets often faces different and difficult environmental and competitive conditions in its various operational regions. Much of the competition in its overseas markets comes from numerous local competitors who not only operate with far lesser overheads but also understand local tastes and preferences much better. Tesco is combating competition in its overseas markets and trying to establish its presence with the protagonist of well established local firms and different store formats (Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3). However the global experiences of various supermarket majors like Walmart and Carrefour reveal that global expansion is not easy and significant market failures can occur from incomplete understanding of market requirements and choice of market strategies (Sarkar, 2009, p 1-3).Tescos merged and Marketing StrategyTescos rapid developing in recent decades has been compulsive by its carefully planned and sustained customer focused scheme. The company is possibly the only retailer to appeal to different market segments , upmarket, midrange and low price. It constantly focuses on improvement of customer value and services with focused action in areas like supply chain management, pricing, quality, product range and in-store as well as on-line customer convenience. The company initiated a major strategic change in the mid 1990s with the acceptance and customisation of the equilibrate plug-in approach, soon after it was first advanced by Robert Kaplan and David Norton.Balanced Scorecard ApproachThe parallelismd board approach was developed by Kaplan and Norton to provide businesses with a holistic tool for performance measurement in different critical areas of business firms. Whilst much of performance measurement in the past focused on the financial aspects of the business, the balanced scorecard approached performance measurement from four viewpoints, namely the financial perspective, the customer perspective , the business process perspective and the learning and growth perspective (Kaplan N orton, 1996, p 7-13).The balanced score card whilst originally constructed for measurement of performance is now used for formulation and implementation of strategy by business firms. Organisations adopting the balanced scorecard set objectives in each of these areas and thereafter formulate targets and initiatives for concussion such objectives, as well as measures to assess actual draw near in meeting them (Kaplan Norton, 1996, p 7-13). Its use enables firms to clarify strategy in terms of the different dimensions outlined by the balanced scorecard tool, guide strategic objectives in different areas, plan set targets and align strategic initiatives, and implement systems for achievement of feedback and engagement of double loop learning (Kaplan Norton, 1996, p 7-13).Adoption of Balanced Scorecard by TescoTesco adopted the balanced scorecard method in the mid 1990s to drive its strategy and operations. Tescos betrothal of the balanced scorecard method led to the development o f the famous Tesco counsel Wheel, which was originally divided into four quadrants, namely Customers, People, Operations and Financials (Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2). The Tesco guidance Wheel (TSW) originates from the companys core purpose and long term objective, namely the creation of value for customers in order to earn their constant loyalty. The company added a fifth dimension to the TSW in 2007, namely community, in order to instigate employees to become excellent citizens and improve their communities. A diagram of the new Tesco commission Wheel with five quadrants is provided as under (Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2).(Source Kaplan, 2008, p 1)Tescos channelise wheel helps in ensuring that its 550,000 employees in multiple countries work towards delivering distinctive and stiff buying experiences to consumers in each and every store. The concept of the TSW came about from the acceptation of the balanced scorecard in the early 1990s when Tesco engaged in a process to elucidate its mission and strategy to ensure the identification of this objective. Tesco, (in the words of Sir Terry Leahy, CEO) doesnt want one leader. We want thousands of leaders who take initiative to execute the strategy. (Kaplan, 2008, p 1)Tesco used the charge wheel, a clear symbol for a tool to drive performance and assist employees find the way into the future, to communicate to its employees. The original TSW has had four equal arcs, representing the four areas of balance scorecard focus, namely financials, customers, operations, and employees. The company added another dimension, community, to the TSW in 2004 to encourage and support workers to participate in and help the communities where they work and live (Tesco plc, 2010, p 1-3).Tescos steering wheel is not easy to implement. Extensive efforts are required by way of consumer research, collection of data, and analytics to ensure that objectives and metrics continue to remain appropriate, even as consumer tastes and preferences change an d competition intensifies (Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2). All Tesco stores get periodical updates on the steering wheel, summaries of metrics of the five arcs four arcs, so that Tesco employees in different regions and multiple formats get appropriate performance feedback. Tesco adds to the effectiveness of its steering wheel report with small lists that explain important strategic key elements simply so that employees can pursue in their routine functions. The TSW has assisted the company in focusing on its strategy during its rapid growth in the 1990s and the 2000s (Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2).Tescos Strategic Map in the approach YearsTesco has an established and steady growth strategy that is based upon extend business scope in order to achieve sustainable long-term growth by pursuing customers into large and growing markets at home and new markets overseas (Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2). The companys growth strategy has five main components, namely (a) to achieve success in international retailing, (b) to increase the core UK business, (c) to achieve equal strength in non-food businesses, (d) develop retailing services and (e) place the community at the centre of all operations. Tescos business strategy has been based on diversification during the last decade and the company intense to strengthen its various businesses across multiple countries and formats during the next two years (Kaplan, 2008, p 1-2).The companys strategic objectives for the coming two years are indicated in the BSC chart provided below. These objectives have been based essentially on increasing and maintaining the important thrust areas of the company.Financials remedy group sales by more than 10%Reduce start-up losses in the US and make US operations profitableImprove international sales by more than 25%Improve return on capital employee to 15%Improve UK market share by 1%CustomersFocus on customers having to spend less in the UKGove customers health choicesImprove customer choiceImprove range of clothing Improve range and quality of general merchandise summation product range of Tesco bankMake FF a global hammer brandProcessesImprove health and safety processesImprove capabilities of peopleImprove processes for product safetyImprove controls for fraud and compliancePeople piss 20,000 new jobs each yearReward our employees for their work and support their developmentDevelop leaders with greater intensityImprove the effectiveness of blab blowing policyImprove diversity and inclusivityImprove employee retention to 95% apart(predicate) from the above quadrant, Tesco also has the following strategic objectives in Community Care. Tesco has undertaken numerous initiatives in labeling of products, reduction of carbon footprint, diverting store waste straightaway to landfill and reduction of carbon emanation from stores and distribution centers. The strategic objectives for the next two years in this area have been formed on the stem of Tescos commitment in specific areas of community c are.Reduce carbon emission from stores and distribution centers by 10% each year.Support causes in local communities.By and sell products responsive.

Impact of Normans Conquest on Ireland

Impact of Normans Conquest on IrelandDaragh Mc Mullan intention archaeological, historical and literary evidence to assess the jolt of the Norman conquest on Irelands political, social, economic and cultural brasss.https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_IrelandIntroduction The Norman conquest of Ireland commenced in 1169, the immediate aftermath saw Ireland under a rotation of sustain by Anglo Norman lords and the King of England with challenge from the Irish. Up to this point, Ireland had seen recurrent contravention between provincial kingdoms who strived for High King status and the arrival of the Normans would obnubilate what structure the Irish had into disarray. The invaders had a long history with conquering extraneous lands barely this time there were numerous distractions and trouble any(prenominal) conquests elsewhere to agglomerate with. These distractions would almost result in a loss of reassure in Ireland and strike to the native Irish.(http//www.roo tsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1100.htm, n.d.)Political ImpactIn the mid-12th and early thirteenth century there was major political change for the Irish. The King of England make Ireland a Lordship of his own empire and because of this the Irish went from securing title by defeat of local rivals to battling for possession of their own land from foreigners. The formation of the Parliament of Ireland in 1297 allowed the Anglo-Norman Lords to exercise control and implement their politics. At this time the island was politically shared out into several overkingdoms, the master(prenominal) focal point was the Abbey. The Irish legal system known as the Brehon Law continued outdoors the controlled area but prisons were established as per Henry IIs reforms. Overall the Norman political impact was substantial but it lacked structure and more importationantly continuity, and the troublesome quantify during the early and mid-14th century resulted in a loss of control and Ireland was f urthest from under complete control of the British for over the two centuries that followed. complaisant Cultural ImpactThe social and cultural landscape of Ireland experienced changes, some events were devastating namely the famine and the Black Death. Some events, while chaotic, had easily intention. The invasion by Robert the Bruce brought fierce battle against the English lords, there was broad destruction and eventually the Scot was defeated but during the clash Irish families regained control of lands lost to them in previous combat. During the settlement period the Normans living outside Dublin and the area known as The Pale embraced the Irish linguistic communication and their customs, they married into the clans, and coincidentally the native Irish also became like the Normans in many ways. Even today we still have evidence of this in the provinces of Munster and Leinster with many Norman origin surnames, Power, Roche and Burke.Towns were perhaps the Normans greatest c ontribution to their youthful conquest. The increase in population saw the nobles invest in the complex body part of walled towns, numerous castles and churches changed Ireland and a system of counties commenced in 1297. The Church made a move to centre the congregation diocese.(http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1300.htm, n.d.)Economic ImpactThe Norman invasion brought a lot of changes to the economic situation in Ireland. The saving was mainly based on cows, sheep, pigs, goats and the products they produced. Cattle was the main asset as it provided milk, butter, cheese and meat. A herd of any type was considered a wealth and had the added benefit that it could be moved to safety in times of war. The Normans began to import tenants to occupy and work their newly acquired lands, horticulture was practiced prior to the Norman settlement, the main crops being oats, wheat and barley, but this increased during this time. This would boost the agricultural shift and was one of the many changes brought by the Norman invasion and occupation of Ireland. They introduced feudal system to the existing native tribal-dynastic crop-sharing system. Feudalism was intended to introduce cash fees into farming. funds was rarely used in medieval Celtic society, as payment was normally made in goods or service.(http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1400.htm, n.d.)ConclusionThe transition from a nation to being part of the Tudor conquest was a roily road for the Irish. In the end the continuous rebellion was not abounding to free them from the grasp of the expanding British Crowned forces. They co-existed to a certain expiration with the placed nobles and later with the Hiberno Normans but the Monarchy expected a respect from the Gaelic Irish that just would not be given. The decline of the Monastic Abbeys and then(prenominal) the pressure on Christianity by newly founded rival churches and the implication of crepuscule and regrant where the Irish had t o abandon their land, culture and religion in exchange for an English earldom meant that the ordinary native Irish people stood little chance at retaining their identity against the Tudor expansion.(http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1500.htm, n.d.)Barry, T. (1987). The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland. London Routledge.Ellis, S. G. (1998). Ireland in the duration of the Tudors 1447-1603. London Longman.http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1100.htm. (n.d.).http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1200.htm. (n.d.).http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1300.htm. (n.d.).http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1400.htm. (n.d.).http//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/irlkik/ihm/ire1500.htm. (n.d.).https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)cite_note-2. (n.d.).

The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air

The strategical steering Of Ryan stockA Jenoir solicitude consultant is providing consultant benefit for strategical instruction of the companies. Senior counseling aggroup of Ryan oxygenise details on the contracts signed with Jenoir gayagement consulting companionship for get the consulting service in strategic forethought of the Ryan strains future. As a result of this we carried surface a strategic psycho compend in conditions of the milieu, assiduity and to a fault regarding the inbred motion of Ryan melody.The aim of this composing is to provide consulting services to Ryan disperse for its strategic management in the future. This base result focus onThe strategic abstract of the Macro surroundings fetching into account the PESTEL reckons which testament draw out the opportunities and threats,Industry abridgment using the Porters cardinal Forces sham and a strategic Group present and inbred analysis drawing out the resources and capabilities an d the VRIO using the pry-Chain Model for Ryan form.Thereafter, recommendations impart be given as to how Ryan aura backside rectify which allow be continued in the second part of this report. Hence, this report forget show how Ryan phone statement toilette perform better in the gigantic run by identifying the key strategic issues.T fitting of Contentsexecutive SUMMARY 1Table of Contents 11.0 INTRODUCTION 32.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 42.1 Company Background 42.2 Core twainer 53.0 compend (MODELS / THEORY USED) 53.1 immaterial ANALYSIS 53.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS 53.1.2 Porters infield Model of Ryan halo 63.2 persistence ANALYSIS 63.2.1PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR 63.2.2 Strategic Groups 73.3 essential ANALYSIS 83.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan circularize 8Barneys Model for Ryan Air 93.3.3 Ryan carry Value Chain Analysis 94.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS 105.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS 115.1 picks and capabilities 117.0 ending 138.0 RECOMMEDATION 149.0 REFERENC ES 1510.0 APPENDIX 1610.1 extension 1 1610.2 extension 2 1710.3 Appendix 3 1810.4 Appendix 4 1910.5 Appendix 5 2010.6 Appendix 6 2110.7 Appendix 7 2210.8 Appendix 8 221.0 INTRODUCTIONThe present stock public is exceedingly complex, free-enterprise(a) and fast changing. Ryan air sense experienceted in yr 1985 with only 57 stave members and with one 15 seated turboprop plane from the south of eastside of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 passengers on one route. Ryan air was the first budget air dividing confines in europium and also more(prenominal) achieverful mooer-ranking greet airline in atomic number 63. Ryan goation hawkish favor is its ability to bring on and outperform others as it is europiums first low-down-f atomic number 18s, no-frills carrier and in animosity of economic mental unsoundness there has been a growth in loots. (Ryan air 2006)According to Viljoen and Dann (2003)strategic management is defined as the process of identifying , choosing and implementing activities that impart improve the long run performance of an organisation by presentting directions and by creating on going compatibility.Currently in 2006 European air line labor facing a backdrop and the burgeoning budget sector. In hunting lodge to analyse Ryan air strategic will be focus on External, informal environment and Industry.External environment will be analysing the factors in the macro environment which build on future industry growth and development, factors touch on current and future profitability, position of competitors and strategic groups inside the industry, to gain the impetuous forces of the industry, dynamics and fin entirelyy to understand international competitiveness.Further more this analysis focus on how Ryan air wants to create foster for guests, its node value and competitive advantage, its activity value chain, customer value the value suggest and determining the business sham to deliver the value positi on, short term and long term focus and sustainability and methodology of analysing business strategy.In final this analysis will focuses on Ryan airs current strategic management escorts and how it eject benefit by using strategic management theories and the agency by which the organisational efficiencies of Ryan air would be improved and recommend to management team up of Ryan air for improving strategy writ of execution.2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES2.1 Company BackgroundRyan air started in year 1985 with only 57 rung members and with one 15 seated turboprop plane from the south of east of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 passengers on one route. Ryan air was the first budget airline in Europe and also more successful low live airline in Europe. Ryan airs competitive advantage is its ability to grow and outperform others as it is Europes first low- father sexs, no-frills carrier and in spite of economic instability there has been a growth in clams.In identifying the curr ent business strategy we would be analysing the vision, mission and objectives of Ryan air. The mission of the Ryan air is to be happen Europe largely gainful low f are by rolling out proven low hail no frills in each(prenominal) markets in which we operate to the benefits of passengers, people and share holders. (Ryan air Report, 2007) Ryan airs social accountability is providing solid service to the passengers.The vision is to firmly establish itself as Europes charge low fares scheduled passenger airline through continued improvement and expanded offerings of its low fare service (Ryan air Report 2007). Ryan airs objectives are 40 percentage increase the market share at heart the low fare airline sector, in 2012 double the yearly passenger transportation to eighty million and to quadruple Ryan airs annual profit up to 1,230 billion.2.2 Core ProblemRyan air being one of the starring(p) budget air lines in Europe, which is shortly facing crisis. Though they were acting so und during the last few years, currently European air line industry facing a backdrop and the burgeoning budget sector. Therefore it is undeniable for Ryan air to consider the causes of the crisis and necessary action well on conviction. imputable to this reason Jenoir management consultants will be analysing the outer, internal and industry, whether Ryan air could over come this barrier.3.0 ANALYSIS (MODELS / THEORY USED)3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSISPestle analysis is grand for identify Ryan airs strategies through macro external factors. These factors are in the airline industry to understand Ryan airs future external threats and opportunities.(Refer Appendix 1)Political and LegalSecurity solution is the current spark of government about airline industry, which will increase the follow of service. regimens croup take an action if there will be any fray in business deals from Ryan air with Airport. The Ryan air must also adapt its strategies to suit the gover nment legislations and policies and must give more attention to the political of the country where they operate. Ryanair perk up been involved in various legal disputes with governments both in Ireland and the EU regarding their business deals with airports and airline regulating bodies.Economic Factors international Economic recession in 2001-2003 had adversely shineed many an(prenominal) countries and in had collapse the financial strategies of the company. Due to the recession the income direct of the people has come down due to that most people are postponing or basincelling their air travel.Socio cultural FactorsAfter the September 11th incident in ground forces air travel as become a spirited happen in business in air line industry. More warrantor mea trusteds are taken and the passengers are facing difficulties. This has become a colossal threat to air line industry.Technological- Ryan airs website is the largest travel website in Europe and this could help them to increase e-commerce and advertising revenue. Their in flight internet gambling, beam television and web-based conceal-in is an added advantage for Ryan air.Environmental Factor The notion that the world is becoming little and a move towards eco friendly environment by controlling noise levels and green-house carbon emissions.3.1.2 Porters Diamond Model of Ryan airPorters adamant model for Ryan air is stated in appendix 2 respectively.3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS3.2.1PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIRBargaining Power of supplierRyan airs main aircraft supplier is Boeing and other one is Airbus. Switching cost will be high when change the aircraft. Fuel prices will affect Ryan airs cost directly, so they are highly dependent the provoke prices and also it is truly big threat of their voicelessest side. Generally regional airports let little negotiate power if they are heavily dependant on one airline but daylight by day their bargain power increasing because of the contest between low cost airlines. also of those regional airports, bigger airports yield very huge bargaining power. (Refer Appendix 3)Bargaining Power of CustomersRyan air is the low cost airline for all Europe destinations and customers are peculiarly in recession times highly price sensitive. It is very prosperous to change their airline and it is In this customers cognition about the cost of service is high and there is no customer loyalty for Ryan air. Even though there is no customer loyalty, bargaining power of customers is low. Ryan air is the cheapest airline for all Europe destinations and customers are especially in recession times highly price sensitive. bane of freshly EntrantsThere are lots of barriers to entry and it is very risk to be new in airline industry. The capital that will invest in this sector is very high. It is also hard to take a name current competition and also hard to get word suitable airports for the flights. brat of SubstitutesThere is not any bran d loyalty of customers and Ryan air prefer customer relationship is not close relationship. If their customers find better centering to travel they will not feel any hesitation to chose it. So the threat of direct and indirect substitutes is very high and the most Copernican stoppage is there are no switching costs for the customers. belligerent RivalryThe market is highly competitive. Most of Ryan airs cost advantages can be imitative immediately. In Europe it seems like there is an bargain between Ryan air and Easy natural spring about not to grapple head to head. However if any company does decide to compete on the same basis as Ryan air it will be highly critical for Ryan air.3.2.2 Strategic GroupsStrategic Groups take away been defined by Finlay (2000) as groups of business that are likely to respond similarly to environment changes and be similarly advantaged or disadvantaged by such changes. Porter (cited in John et al, 1997), suggests that an industry can have only o ne strategic group if all firms followed essentially the same strategy. At the other essential each firm could be a distinguishable strategic group.Strategic Group Map analysis below of the European Airline industry will indicate that Ryan air has to compete with Aer Lingus and EasyJet very closely bandage British Airways and other national carriers are in the region. Other smaller budget airlines based across Europe such as FlyBE, German Wings and Hapag Lloyd Express also pose competition in routes which they normally compete (Little Masters, n.d.).This diagram also shows how the Mega carriers compete within their strategic groups as opposed to the Mid-Sized carriers.PrivateMega CarriersAmerican AirlinesBritish AirwaysMid-Sized CarriersFlyBEGerman WingsAer LingusEasyJetGovernment-Owned CarriersBritish AirwaysBulgaria AirGovernmentNo of Destinations high school menialOwnership3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan airVRINE MODELThe top management should be able to identif y the resources on tap(predicate) in the organisation presently in recite to assess whether the resources forthcoming are sufficient ample to implement the strategies. So the outcome of the reconstruction depends on the resources available at that time.VRIO of Ryan air Value, Rarity, Imitability, broad medicationRyan air values its high service performance. The airline is known for its rigorous observance on punctuality, high rate of flight completion, and low luggage loss. It purchased modernized fleet which precedes to less expensive maintenance with uniform brands utilise while high aircraft utilization strengthens its business and financial sheet. The rarity of Ryan air is based primarily on its strategic positioning and management operations. Its implementation on low fares service and high level of customer service delivery made Ryan air beardown(prenominal) and competitive compared to other firms in the same field. Other firms in the same industry hardly find the ir ways in imitating the same operations and strategic planning. Ryan air produced good planning and management operations in which it leads others to imitate. Not all of the material and impalpable resources like bundle, fleet designs, infrastructure, organisational culture, and knowledge management can be imitated. Causal ambiguity, time compression diseconomies and path dependencies are factors which affect the difficulty of other firms to imitate in effect(p) plans of successful firms like Ryan air.Barneys Model for Ryan AirThe top management should be able to identify the resources available in the organisation presently in pitch to assess whether the resources available are sufficient enough to implement the strategies. So the outcome of the reconstruction depends on the resources available at that time.According to the Barneys model can analysis Easy Jet as Ryan airs competitor. Easy jet has enough recourse. For an example they have large number of air craft and their s kytrax star rate level is high, so easy jet is valuable. Easy jet is not rare because same strategy what easy jet currently using is other competitors also using. Easy jet can easy to imitate to another company because low fare and also they have enough substitutes (for an example Train, ship). Easy jet is competitive parity. (Refer Appendix 4)3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain AnalysisRyan air strongly manages and forms relationships with different suppliers for an example. Boeing and food, beverages etc, to install sure goods are received of requirement standards and on time in roll to add value through out its value chain. In found to add substantial value for its service by providing low cost and directly monitors relationships with airports around Europe, so they provide subsidies to the airliner in order for them to provide low cost and seen as adding grater value for customers.In order to reduce the cost and provide low cost to customers Ryan air contracts staff for aircraft handl ing, fineing and baggage handling to third parties at competitive rates as well as engine repairs and heavy maintenances of its aircrafts. Therefore reduces direct photo to employee relationships and disputes reducing costs all through value chain.In order to add greater value for customer, the aircraft staff e.g. pilot, cabin crew, they holds close relationships, giving the right training making them to feel confident to answer on flight questions. The airliner has a commission placed for its aircraft crew linked with the gross sales of duty paid goods. Therefore close management with aircraft crew ensures good labors turnover reducing the threat of staff being absent for flights, thence seen as adding value for customers. (Refer Appendix 5)4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSISThe external organizational environment includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organization that have the authorisation to affect the organization (Daft, 1995). The environment includes c ompetitors, resources, technology and economic conditions that influence the organization. The external environment can be further conceptualized as having 2 layers generally and task environments.The general environment is the outer layer that is astray dispersed and affects organization indirectly. It includes social, demographic and economic factors that influence Ryan air. The most important part concerning in the task environment which is closer to the organizations its includes the sectors that conduct day to day transaction with the organization and directly influence their basic operations and performance suppliers, competition, customers and the labour market.(Refer Appendix 3, 6)5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSISAll organizations have strength and weakness in its areas of business. No organization is equally strong or weak in all areas (David, 2005). The process of internal environment parallels that of the external analysis. Resources come in many forms form common fa ctor inputs to highly differentiated resources that are developed over a man years and are very difficult to replicate (Collins and Montgomery 1998). Internal environment analysis involves a study of culture, structure and resources including technology commensurate by the origination.5.1 Resources and capabilitiesRyan airs main actual resource is air craft. Their intangible resource includes things such as companys reputation (first budget airline and low fare airline), brand name (Ryan air), technical knowledge (100 percentage online ticket booking), patent and trademark. A competitive advantage is the set of factors and capabilities that allow firms to consistently outperform their rivals.(Refer Appendix 7)Tangible ResourcesAir craftTechnical feelerEquipementsCompetenciesPrice, Quality service, ReliabilityCompetitive advantage of Ryan airCapabilitiesLow cost, High profitIntangible ResourcesRyan airs ReputationBrand nameLow fareTechnical knowledgeFigure 1 Resources based view i f competitive advantage of Ryan air6.0 SWOT ANALYSISThis analysis is an effective way of identifying internal strengths and weaknesses of Ryan air and of investigative opportunities and threats of the external environment. (Refer Appendix 8)StrengthsRyan air is the largest and most successful of Europes low cost airline. This fact is strongest selling point for Ryan air. Result of this low cost strategy, which increases customers and airline, is expanding rapidly. Ryan airs website was the largest travel website in Europe. And the ordinal most recognized brand on Google. According to the Ryan air annual report 2006, Ryan airs ancillary revenues (include non flight schedule services) had climbed by 36 percentage.WeaknessesRyan air is the least favorite airline in the world. Passengers who travel in Ryan air lose their luggages very often. Ryan air staffs are considered to be very unfriendly and there is common issue that the process always delays. Ryan air was only mid range or belo w average in its P/E multiple relative to peers like easy jet, whose shares had arise by 46% during the year. Ryan air has been criticized for many aspects of its customer service.OpportunitiesThey have potential market share. Because low cost airline market share not reached the peak level. Ryan air has better opportunities to dominate and catch up with the competition in the European airline industry in terms of providing more quality service. The continuous initiatives of the company in diversification of its revenue resources also open new opportunities to make the business become stronger to outgrow all its competitor companies.ThreatsRyan air faced various challenges as it entered the second half(a) of fiscal 2007. The airline itself predicted that its extra capametropolis building would create doubtfulness about the success of new routes, locations and other difficulties. These were extra marketing and discounted fare costs incurred in launching new routes, as well as over capacity leading to price cutting by rivals.7.0 CONCLUSIONBy taking into consideration the above analysis, Jenoir management consultant believe Ryan air has gained competitive advantage since there is a greater opportunity and strengths regarding to the air line industry. Based on the External, Internal and Industry analysis, there are few major(ip) issues which were identified by Jenoir management Consultant analysis team in relation to Ryan air have weaknesses and threats. There are many areas which Ryan air should workout.Systematic, healthy and an organic organization contribute much to the success of Ryan air. An organization with clear objectives and capable to draw everyone to work with these objectives will lead to its success. For airlines, the future will hold many challenges. Successful airlines will be those that continue to tackle their costs and improve their products, thereby securing a strong presence in the key world aviation market.Therefore taking into considera tion these detrimental impacts to the entity Jenoir management Consultant analysis team develop certain recommendations for Ryan air to perform the task of a guideline in overcoming these weaknesses and threats, by systematically utilizing these recommendations. Ryan air will be able to transform its current weaknesses into opportunities and strengths in the future. However risk management in the strategic management must be given an important consideration in strategic management plan implementation process.8.0 RECOMMEDATIONBased on External, Internal and Industry analysis, Jenoir management consultants is recommended that Ryan air consider the move their business with low cost strategy in to international market, so Ryan air should has a detailed plan for this and be able to provide good customer service to the customers like by having discounted flights, promotion to keep the competitive advantage at a stable mode within its competitors and also will need to focus more on the c ore competition that will help Ryan air to practically designs suitable airline operation within their market.There are some other recommendations for Ryan air,Ryan air, being the market attracter in the budget airline industry is performing very well as of now. But it does need to take into account all the factors discussed above. Ryan air also has to make sure that even though Michael OLearys tactics work today, they may backfire tomorrow.Ryan air should slow down on the belligerency of its strategic planning and implementation so that it can avoid acquiring into trouble with the governments and end up paying millions.In order to bear on its employees, motivate them and also another means of cutting costs, Ryan air can adopt a similar strategy that of Jet Stars JEN (Jet star Employee Network). This intranet software is both the sophistication and the functionality necessary to gather, share and communicate key corporate, HR and time critical staffing information. Head of Corpor ate Relations, Simon West away says JEN delivers on-going savings of about $130,000 annually (Story, 2009, p.18).9.0 REFERENCESCollins, D.J., Montgomery, C.A. (1998), Competing on resources strategy in the 1990s(Volume 73), Harvard commerce ReviewDaft, Richard L. (1995). Organizational Theory Cases Applications. (4th edition.) West Publishing CompanyDavid, R.D.(2005). Strategic management concepts and cases. (10th edition) Prentice Hall of IndiaFind Article (2005). EasyJet to enter Irish Market for first time. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_2004_Nov_23/ai_n7074328/?tag=contentcol 1Find Article (2009). Company Watch Ryanair. Retrieved April 22, 2010, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6781/is_2009_August_24/ai_n42028112/?tag=rel.res1Hodgson, N. (2009, November 20). Ryanair set to overtake EasyJet in JLA ranks. Daily Post Liverpool. RetrievedApril 19, 2010, from http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_8008/is_20091120/ai_n42256727 /Hubbard, G. Rice, J. Beamish,P. (2005). Strategic management thinking analysis action. (3rd edition). Pearson education AustraliaLagadec, K. (2008). Airbus and Boeing face a dark and agonizing future. Post Carbon Institute. Retrieved April 20, 2010, fromhttp//www.postcarbon.org/article/40546-airbus-and-boeing-face-a-dark/13913-energyThe Airline Industry. (n.d.). retrieved April 21, 2010, from http//adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/airlineindustry.htmlViljoen, J., Dann, S. (3rd Ed.). (2003). Strategic Management Planning and implementing successful corporate strategies. NSW, Australia Pearson Education Australia.10.0 APPENDIX10.1 Appendix 1PESTLE ANALYSIS OF RYANAIRPolitical EnvironmentNational airlines supported by certain countriesEurope union expansion with new routes and new competitors. freshly European Union rules and regulations.Due to the government stability tourism will be increase, which is good for Ryan air.New different tax policy for different countries.Economic Environ mentThreat of Ryan air is increasing raise price.Taxes and following ratesDecrease of US dollarsIncreasing business class locomotionThe threat of the substitutesRise of airport handling chargesSOCIAL FACTORSIncreasing color in market, which is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels, which while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer.Populations growth does an ageing macrocosm affect them i.e. baby boomers, lots of people in that life period have more disposable income to spendSafety solutionsTrend proficient FACTORSInternet sales and Increased internet competitionsHigh speed trainsOnline check inLow fuel useLEGAL FACTORSPrivatizing of airline industryIllegal subsidies from airportsCompetition laws in aviation industryAllegations of false advertisementRules and regulations about Carbon emission levelENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSNoise level controls ,Global warming ,2.6% of Carbon emission in the EU, so this gasoline will effect Green house10.2 Appendix 2Porters Diamond Model of Ryan airFactorConditionDemand Condition intemperately strategy structure and RivalryRelated supporting IndustriesChangeGovernmentFirm Strategy, Structure and RivalryEnvironmentally concerned.Entrants of other Low damage CarriersFactor conditionsTechnological advancement.Demand conditionsDemand is increasing for Low fares air travel.Related and supporting industriesCar hire, Hotels, Travel insurance, Baggage tracing, Free city guides, Ticketing, Aircraft handling ,Airport coach and other services10.3 Appendix 3Porters Five Forces modelBargaining power of SupplierBargaining power of BuyersThreat of New EntrantsThreat of SubstitutesCompetitiveRivalry10.4 Appendix 4(Source VRIO model / Barneys modelhttp//www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B0/B58/033MB58.html)Competitive Implications from Recourses ( Easy jet as Ryan airs competitor)ValuableRareDifficult to ImitateWithout substitutesCompetitive ImplicationYesNoNoNoCompetitive parity10.5 Ap pendix 5Value Chain Analysis of Ryan AirFirm Infrastructure(Head Quarters)Technology growing(Internet, Integrate system, Low tech marketing , Internet sales) humane Resource Management( In house, Low cost training, Management control, trammel crew, performance contracts)Procurement(Boeing discount, Alliances, Low cost, out sources private)Inbound Logistic(Quality training, Low cost supplier, Airport agreement)Operation(No frill, low cost )Outbound Logistic(Reliable service, fast-flying turn around)Marketing and Sales(Free publicity, Low cost, promotions, Internet sales)Services(High productivity, Limited resourses)10.6 Appendix 6Location of the organization general task and internal environmentsTechnologicalCUSTOMERRSTask EnvInternal EnvironmentSocio culturalLABOUR merchandiseEmployeesCultureInternationalCOMPETITORSManagementSUPPLIERSLegal/ PoliticalEconomicIt can be noted that SUPPLIERS forms an integral part of task environment and the social function of importance of suppli ers of components.10.7 Appendix 7ResourcesThere are two kinds of resources, tangible and intangible which can further be categorized into financial, human, physical and talented capital.Physical Resources which Ryan air possesses is 196 Boeing aircrafts. Huge amount of money was being fagged for the aircraft maintenance and they need to keep the resources proper and running to make sure that these will not harm their low cost structure. They also have the youngest fleet in the whole of Europe with a highly fuel efficient capacity.Financial Resources Ryan air is the highest profit making low cost structured airline. According to OHiggins (2007), Ryan airs profits have been increasing 8.5% on average per year. It also goes onto say that in its Annual General concussion in 2006 the airline had delivered 12% increase in net profits despite a 74% increase in fuel cost.Human Resources Initially Ryan air started with only 25 employees and had 3500 people by the year 2006 and all of t hem are entrenched with a cost cutting approach. Ryan air employees a very much dedicated as Ryan air pays its employees well. In its 2006 annual report it claimed to have the highest pay figures than any other major European airline. Also by tailoring rosters, the carrier maximized productivity and time off for crew members. The biggest HR advantage Ryanair has is Michael OLeary.Intellectual Capital The high

Essential Trace Metals in Seaweed

Essential Trace Metals in Seaweed0 IntroductionSeaweeds argon marine macro-algae that atomic number 18 one of the living renewable resources of the marine env urge onment and well known for its potential food and therapeutic applications (Tseng, 2004). jibe to Awang et al. (2008), Sabah and Sarawak realize a great potential for the cultivation of seaweed. The seaweeds set in Sabah such(prenominal) as Kappaphycus alv bezii, genus Ulva reticulate, Gracilaria changgi, Caulerpa lentillifera and sargasso polycystum species.Seaweeds be one of the best sources of requisite watch over surfaces. Essential abide by metals ar metals needed by mankind personify in little quantity. These metals can be countersinkd by using atomic spectroscopy techniques. Consumption of seaweeds can increase the arrive of dietary fiber and commence the development of close to chronic illnesses (Southgate, 1990). The followings be some ingrained prompting metals found in seaweeds and their bene fits to human (Alexander, 2014)However, some researchers reported that some seaweed atomic number 18 contaminated and contained high add of internal canvass metals more(prenominal) than the amount needed to human body. These are over referable to the area and conditions of seawater. According to Noda (1993) the chemical substance typography of seaweed may vary out-of-pocket to the species, geographic area, seasons of the year and temperature of water.This study focused on the meaty puff metals found in contrastive type of seaweeds. The results of the submersion of the indwelling disembowel metals are canvasd to dietary denotation in sucks (DRI). This study is significant to show the case of necessity trace metals and enhance the awareness on the importance of meaty trace metals to human health.Problem StatementSeaweeds can be categorize into three main groups which are Phaeophycae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The compositions of innate trace metals in these groups are differed. Some groups contain high amount of certain essential trace metals and vice versa. These essential trace metals are important for maintaining health. These metals take part in enzymes, hormones and cells in the human body. Inadequate intake of essential trace metals can cause symptoms of nutritional deficiency. thither are umpteen researches that have been done on seaweeds. Most of them discussed more on the composition of macronutrients in seaweeds. Therefore, this research focused on essential trace metals. There is necessity to know the composition of essential trace metals in these seaweeds because they put out nutrition and give benefit to humans health.3.0 Objectives of studyTo ensconce the concentration of essential trace metals like vanadium, zinc, weightlift, sloven, manganese, atomic number 24 and molybdenum in seaweed by using inductively linked plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).To compare the concentration of essential trace metals found in seaweed with the dietary reference intakes (DRI).To compare the concentration of essential trace metals in different types of seaweeds and determine which seaweed has the highest value of essential trace metals.4.0 Literature Review4.1 Introduction galore(postnominal) researches have been made to determine the composition of seaweeds. In the previous researches, they discussed more on the composition of macronutrients in seaweeds and lack of micronutrients. This research focused on essential trace metals found in seaweeds. This research is significant as these metals provide and supply nutrition values to human. This research is carried out in order to determine the concentration of essential trace metals like vanadium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, chromium and molybdenum in seaweed, compare the concentration of essential trace metals found in seaweed with the dietary reference intakes (DRI), compare the concentration of essential trace metals in different types of seaweeds and de termine which seaweed has the highest value of essential trace metals.4.2 comment of essential trace metalsEssential trace metals are metals that are demand for human body in flyspeck amounts broadly less(prenominal) than light speed milligrams per day (Cesar, 2005 Araya et al., 2006). These trace elements are minerals which human body cannot produce by itself but can be found in diet. Essential trace metals include vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum (Gadd, 1992).Figure 1 shows the position of essential trace metals in the periodic table. These metals are transition metals and majority of them are located in period 4, showing the relationship between the size of nuclei and the availability of electron of the element to interact with organic molecules redeem in biological systems (Cesar, 2005).Each essential trace metal has their own particular(prenominal) dish outs depend on their chemical structures and is important for life. Although these metals are needed for whole 0.02% of the total body weight, they are vital as trace bio nimble substances and active centers of enzymes (Osamu, 2004). A man required essential trace metals about 50 micrograms to 18 milligrams per day and these metals function as catalytic or morphologic components of larger molecules (Mertz, 1981).Essential trace metals do not exist by themselves but exist with each(prenominal) different. Excess of one trace metal can cause imbalances in another(prenominal) elements and lead to diseases. To be well-absorbed in the intestine, most trace metals need to be in ionic form. Diet, concentrations of trace element in water, interactions of drug-nutrient are crucial to stabilize the concentration of essential trace elements in the body (Alexander, 2014). Figure 1 Periodic display panel with white background indicating elements essential for human and bold characters re extraditeing the essential trace metals and non-metals (Cesar, 2005).4.3 Recomm ended periodic intake of essential trace metalsA certain daily intake of food supplements is needed by humans. The essential trace metals are important as enzymes, hormones and cells in the body. Inadequate intake and excessive aspiration of essential trace metals can cause symptoms to human body. Table 2 summarizes recommended daily intakes of essential trace metals and its effects of excessive consumption.Table 2 Recommended dietary allowances of essential trace metals (Dietary Reference Intakes, 2001).4.4 Classification of seaweedSeaweeds can be classified into three main groups based on their brown, red and commonality pigmentations. The groups of seaweed are Phaeophycae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae respectively. Sargassum polycystum species is in Phaeophycae group whereas Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria changgi species are in Rhodophyceae group and Ulva reticulate and Caulerpa lentillifera species are in Chlorophyceae group (Awang et al., 2014).The sizes of seaweeds are different according to their group. Brown seaweeds are often large. They are usually having length about 20 meters pine and the thickness is about 2 to 4 meters, whereby the smaller species is about 30 to 60 centimeters. Red seaweeds are usually smaller in size, generally ranging from a few centimeters to about one meter in length. The colourize of red seaweeds are not always red. They might be purple, chocolate-brown red, but botanists classified them as Rhodophyceae because of other factors. Green seaweeds are small, with a similar size to the red seaweeds (Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 29 October 2014).4.5 The study of essential trace metal in different type of seaweedsSeaweeds rich in about 8% to 40% of essential trace metals required for human body (Indegaard Ostgaard, 1991). Some reports said that the metal meanss in seaweeds were high than edible land plants (Ortega et al., 1993). Concentration of essential trace metals may differed with each other because o f several factors includes genetic species, sea conditions, seasons, habitats, maturity, geographical locations and environmental parameters of the seaweed (Ito Hori 1989 Fleurence, 1999 Krishnaiah et al., 2008).According to past researches, the commonly essential trace metals found in seaweeds were copper, cobalt, iron, manganese and zinc. Copper plays an important role in metabolism by allowing enzymes to function properly (Harris, 2001). Copper is vital for maintaining the strength of the skin, blood vessel, epithelial and conjunction tissue throughout the body. Cobalt is essential for the production of vitamin B12 that is necessary to match an adequate number of red blood cells are produced in the body (MedlinePlus 2014, 23 October 2014). Zinc is important for growth, cell division, immune system, vision and also helps to accelerate the renewal of the skin cells (Vallee Falchuk, 1993). Iron is essential as group O and electron transport forhemoglobin synthesis of erythrocy tes, oxidationreduction reactions, and cellular proliferation (Yutaka et al., 2008). manganese is important for the formation of bones, connective tissues, brain and nerve functions (Barbara, 2013).4.5.1 Kappaphycus alvarezii speciesThe trace amount of manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, chromium and copper were determined in this species that was collected from Palk Bay Mandapam, Tamilnadu in South India region. The concentrations of these metals were 10.6 ppm, 438.7 ppm, 25.5 ppm, 3.9 ppm, 52 ppm and 31.9 ppm respectively (Nageswara, 2013). Another archetype was interpreted from Semporna in Sabah, showed that zinc, iron and copper were present in this species. The concentrations of these three metals were below 3.5 g/100g (Mansoor et al., 2012). From the study, it can be concludes that sea conditions and environments affect the concentration of essential metals in seaweed. In other research, to determine the composition of seaweed by using different types of seedling production, the micropropagated Kappaphycus alvarezii yielded significantly higher concentration of cobalt, copper, manganese and zinc compared to farm-propagated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Suhaimi et al., 2014). Fayaz et al., (2005) stated that Kappaphycus alvarezii species is a good source of essential metals, containing 0.033% of iron and 0.016% of zinc. The molybdenum is also present in Kappaphycus alvarezii about 0.04 milligrams (Suresh, 2014) and about 1.56 ppm of cobalt found in this species (Rajasulochana et al., 2012).4.5.2 Ulva reticulate speciesUlva reticulata species from Pattani was reported to contain high level in manganese and iron and also small amount of zinc and copper. The concentration of manganese, iron, zinc and copper are 48.1 mg/100g, 174.8 mg/100g, 3.3 mg/100g and 600 g/100g respectively (Pattama Anong, 2006). Awang et al. (2008) reported the range amount of iron is 6.5 mg to 11 mg per 100g, 2 mg to 7 mg per 100g of zinc, less than 0.55 mg/100g of copper and less than 3 mg/10 0g of chromium present in this species.4.5.3 Gracilaria changgi speciesGracilaria changgi species was reported to contain high level of zinc, iron, and copper with the concentration of 13.8 mg/100g, 95.6 mg/100g and 0.8 mg/100g respectively (Norziah Chio, 2000). The result showed that this species has high amount of iron when compared to other vegetables reported by Tee et al. (1988). The comparison of iron content in Gracilaria changgi species and other vegetables are shown in table 3.Table 3 Concentration of elements (mg/100 g wet weight) present in G. Changgi (Norziah Chio, 2000) and in some vegetables (Tee et al.,1988).From the study, it shows that seaweed is the best source of iron compared to other land vegetables due to its metabolic system which it can absorb elements directly from the seawater.4.5.4 Caulerpa lentillifera speciesIron, zinc and copper were present in Caulerpa lentillifera species which is taken from Semporna in Sabah with the concentration of 21.37 mg/100g, 3.51 mg/100g and 0.11 mg/100g respectively (Suhaila et al., 2009). Duduku et al. (2008) determined the amount of 6.45 mg/100g of iron, 3.53 mg/100g of zinc, and less than 1mg/100g of copper and chromium found in this species. The sample was also taken from Sabah. The study about the composition in Caulerpa lentillifera species showed that iron, manganese, copper and zinc were present with concentration of 9.3 mg/100g, 7.9 mg/100g, 2200 g/100g and 2.6 mg/100g respectively (Pattama Anong, 2006).4.5.5 Sargassum polycystum speciesA research has been made that used sample of Sargassum polycystum species from Seribu Island in Jakarta showed the concentration of 0.002 mg/g of copper, 0.004 mg/g of zinc, 0.277 of iron and 0.010 of chromium were present (Joko, 2006). In other research that used sample from Kota Kinabalu, the present of iron, zinc and copper were also reported in small amounts with the concentration of 68.2 mg/100g, 2.15 mg/100 g, and 0.03 mg/100g respectively whereas other essential trace metals were not determined (Suhaila et al., 2009).4.6 Methods used to analyze the essential trace metals in seaweedAtomic spectroscopy techniques viz., flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are widely used to analyze trace element. Nageswara (2013) used FAAS rule to determine the trace element in seaweed, the instrument was calibrated with amount solutions and a hollow cathode lamp was used for detection of lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, manganese, zinc, platinum and palladium. In other research, Awang et al. (2008) used GFAAS method whereas Rodenas et al. (2009) used ICP-MS method and Suhaimi et al. (2014) and Suresh et al. (2014) used ICP-OES method.This research uses ICP-MS method. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer is suitable for the deter mination of trace metals with pretreatment and optical maser ablation device. This method has high sample throughput and the sensitivity is extremely high. It has lower detection limits and the ionization is efficient. In order to get the concentration of essential trace metals in seaweed, the elements are placed in solution by acid digestion. This solution is then nebulized into spray chamber and then carried by argon gas into a torch. ICP is argon plasma and can kitchen stove temperatures of 10,000 Kelvin. This allows the atomization of the trace metals in seaweed to complete and reduced the interferences of potential chemical (PerkinElmer, 23 October 2014). The positive ions in the plasma are focused gobble up a quadrupole mass spectrometer. This quadrupole mass spectrometer rapidly detects the mass range. By getting the mass spectrum of the plasma, information about the trace metals can be obtained.