Inquiring Minds Want to Know-Now Essay

Penton Media is a publisher of several business trade magazines, and their research department is study the long-term viability of the reader serving card within its publications (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). This card is an advertising card used for readers to request product or service information, and potentially could be generating fewer leads than in the past (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). The research division of Penton Media conducted a meticulous research with many different readers through various diverse forms of communication. Penton Media is now faced with the challenge on determining if this reader service card will sustain ad be beneficial in the future.The survey is not clear and is perplexing. Questions should be directive and closed ended. In this survey the questions asked are not directive questions, but moderately point-blank ended questions that would discourage a user from completing the survey. When the questions are not specific it would give feedback that is not what key decision makers are seeking. The expression of the questions is equally adequate for the receipts needed but, they could be more designed to output desired results. This method could motivates users to not only complete the survey, but overly provide honest and reliable feedback.There is not enough nominate or direction present to encourage the participant to give unveil answers (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). Having a more direct, concise, and structured questionnaire would not only get the feedback that is warranted, annex participation, but more time could be used to reevaluate the response that are received. This survey was not designed properly to accomplish the qualify objectives.Coding involves assigning come or other symbols to the questionnaire for the purpose of assort the info (Cooper & Schindler, 2014). For each question the police detective must assign numbers to each response available in order to figure the data correctly. A code sheet will allow an SPSS system to quick find the frequency, percent, valid percent, and cumulative percent of each response. The detail of the code sheet will produce detailed SPSS results which will allow the researcher to clearly interpret the data.

Personal Narrative Essay on my first car Essay

There was always one study thought, the goal, a simple dream that made twinges of excitement flow through and through my body. The waiting was incredible, and it always seemed forever and a day before it would come trim true. This is a typical pre-teen, adolescent dream, yet it was as important to me as the sun rising. Nothing would ever top this, once I had it, no one could encounter it away. Getting my drivers license was nevertheless half the battle the dream was to have my very own c suitable simple machine. I wanted it and I dreamed roughly it everyday.In my early days of high school, my older fri displaces would drive me to and from school, just the normal everyday activities. unremarkably we would go grab a bite to eat, drop off whatever of the other passengersmine was the third stop. Since I was too young to enrol in all in all the activities on their agendas, I was un fit to tag along. I had rules and an over-protective mom who was strict on what cartridge hol der I was to return rest home (and made sure I completed my homework before allowing me to go out with my friends). As the time passed, and I was a bit older, all my close friends started to get their drivers licenses and living the freedoms that I unagitated yearned. They were able to come and go as they pleased without the hassles of bumming a depend on. With their own transportation many a(prenominal) were able to have more preference tasks. My time for this accomplishment was nearing.That coming summer I was able to take my drivers training courses. I was thrilled to no end knowing how close I was to achieving the same sovereignty as my peers. I had two courses to complete that I was raring to get done. With the pressures of high school and all the responsibilities that come along, it was not easy to find a job without my own car. aft(prenominal) a couple months or searching for work, I lay on my brave front and sought employment (at the ever-so dreaded) mall. I soon fo und a quaint job and began my quest to execute money. It seemed no matter how much I worked, nor how much I wasable to sock away, subaltern bills and responsibilities continued to get in the way. I oft thought, All this money I am giving my friends for gas, I could be putting away, or spending on gas of my own spending a mere tail fin dollars per day alone, expenses were adding up quickly. Although I had small expenditures, I was still able to save here and there, and just prayed I would be rewarded with lots of monetary units when I graduated.After all my courses and many hours of driving with my mother and friends of age, I was ready for my road test. I was overly prepared, and k clean I would ace this test. Without a second thought, I hit the ground running my parallel parking was flawless, speed limit was on target, and my reach on nine and twelve as they should be (many whitethorn think back the old version on ten and two). Soon bounteous I was at the local Secretary of State, dressed up, more nervous about the picture then I was about the test it self. at heart a few weeks, my small hard plastic license was in the mail. nevertheless one problem remained, I had no vessel for travelingI had my license for nearly a year when my senior year was coming close to an end. I had a small amount of money save and was depending heavily on graduation money to satisfy my thoughts and needs for purchasing a car. I had my sights set one car. It was within my price range, and met every one of my demands.The car was a 1985 Mercury Grand Marquis, crme dingy (the year is now 2001). Matching Beige interior, working quartz clock, triplex exhaust cherry bomb mufflers (loud enough to set off a car alarm) complete with a CD player. I am not the type of girl who wants a brand new car. Mine had to be already loved and then hated enough to sell. A car that has its own distinguished smells of adventure. hotshot that no longer has the possessors manual, so you find out new appurtenances about the inner-workings and excites you to the school principal where you show the new features to all your comrades. The first time you clean it out, you may find treasures under the seats and in the nooks and crannies. It needs a gnomish more love than the rest so it will run straitlaced and warm in the winter, and will not over heat in the summer. A place where you can listen to any of your CD battle array and itsounds amazing (just because it is all yours). A car that can fit five or more people in, for those surprise trips that you cannot refuse. That was the perfect car for me. One that you can give a divine name to, like Maurice.Within a few months of graduating, the Grand Marquis was put up for sale. A gleaming reddish orange FOR SALE sign hung proudly in the rear window, and it read in large, black letters $900 I could not believe they were going to let such a treasure car go for so little money It was all I could do to contain myself knowing I ha d just enough money to procure it, and still have some left over to get it washed and buy a few things to personalize the interior. Seeing as how it was a friends vehicle, I was first in line for bids. After a few days of negotiations (and me being a long time friend of the entire family) they let that beauty go for a suffering $500There were tasks to be completed before I was able to show my very first car off. I purchased a new furry steering wheel cover with a matching pillows in the back that stated BLING $$ BLING in gold glitter, a super large(p) duty car wash, a misting of Febreeze, a good wipe down of the interior, and I was ready to gloat. I raced up onto my front lawn, careful to not mutilate the grass or murder the daisies, and laid on the likable horn until the firm household was outside to witness the cars majesty. I had put on the perfect track of everyones listening pleasure, The Joker by The Steve Miller Band. Some people scream me the space cowboy, yeah, some call me the gangster of love, some people call me Maurice It was awesomeA downy dream, whether big or small is important to ones self image or self-confidence. I could not imagine living in a world without dreams or aspirations, whether they are material objects or mystic hopes. To some, a dream of a car seems inconsequential to others its their whole world. This was all I ever wanted in an automobile, just enough to transport me to my destinations and acquiesce in me the carte blanche that I had always dreamt about.

Multinational Operations in China

Obtaining a big profit is a level-headed sign of success of a company. But before you execute this kind of accomplishment, whizz essential(prenominal) know the heavy things that should be considered in doing a clientele. If a company wants to business in china, unrivaled mustiness have a clear makeing of the locale or in subtracticular China where you want to established it. . It is real important to understand and compreh ending yourself with the culture of a country before investing majuscule in your business.China is one of the largest nations in the world and in feature the most populous country in the world hence thither is a wide range of diversity in culture, beliefs and behavior. The company must first understand it before undertaking operations in China. By doing so, one bottom established a greater possibility of living(a) and even succeeding in the venture taken.The company must as well as know the local business practices before you do business in a pa rticular area in China. China has most different cultural differences in the world and understanding its business culture is very resilient. Since every country has different culture, what works with one country can not be appropriate for China. Becoming aware of how people speculate and their business practices can establish better and harmonious relationship with them. organizational practices, activities and policies must be flexible and adaptable so that it can accustom easily with Chinas practices.Having a representative office in union with a substantive local private partner and which has glide slope to all important information is very strategic and help to walk out success. Setting up a joint venture is a groovy move for a company but one must get wind that they have selected the correct partner or else both companies willing end up in failure. In the management part, Chinese expertise must be integrated or consulted in the decision making process. This will guar anteed that all aspect of China is considered before making a decision. at that place is a big need of establishing business relationships. Relationship or withal known as Guanxi is an essential component in attaining success in China. Top level manager must know the importance of establishing and nurturing nasty relationship with their customer, supplier and their local counterparts. It is a great help in knowing the domestic market of China and also public figures a strong bond that the company can use in need of assistant or in case of trouble.Company must also build a strong relationship with the Chinas government officials. organisation is the main factor in the economic movements. They play a vital role in ensuring economic stability and administering foreign investments. Approval, application, and authorization of the business can encountered fewer interruptions or delays if one has already established good relations with the regime.Company must know the monetary system of China in doing business here. Peoples Bank of China is the one trustworthy for the establishment and implementation of macroeconomic and fiscal policies. PBOC is also responsible for the regulation of currency circulation and domestic financial activities.Seniority is an important in China. Hence, one must be polite in conversing with older people. assign relations are also an important factor to secure business stability. The company must established good relations with their employees. They must reckon for their welfare. The company need human resources, without them company operations may be suspended and may eventually result to the closure of the company if not handled well.It is also important to recognize the preferential policies offered in China so one can be able to take advantage of it. These policies make foreign investments. Industrial policies monitor foreign investment projects. They are separate as encouraged, permitted, restricted and prohibited.China has extremely promoted the subsequent measures to protect able property rights. In fact China has decreed the Patent, Trademark and copyright law in order to secure such rights. Works must be registered to the related authorities.In line with this, the government of China announced several security measures to monitor the import publication and reproduction of record tapes, video tapes and the like. State Press and Publications Administration, must first grant an boon on the import goods and necessary permit papers must ne obtained. It is subjected to further examination of products. Violation of these security measures may result to subtraction of illegal income and closure of business and payment of fines.China has also ask all enterprises to maintain books or accounts for all their business related activities. At the end of the year, they are required to pass an annual financial report. Thus, a company that wants a business in China should know this financial reporting and acco unting policy.Tax is the main source of fiscal income of China. It plays an important role in strengthening the macro-economic regulation which is responsible for economic and companionable development.On the other hand, taxation policies are relatively important in every company. Tax contribute to the input cost of the company, thus it is demand to know the tax policy before doing production and market operations. Also, one can know which kind of business has lower or cut down tax and even exempted to pay such kind of charge.Given those kinds of considerations, tips and reminders on doing business in China, the company would surely make profit on it. Based on the research employee welfare, labor relations are therefore important factors in establishing a business in China. Although the CEO does not believe on this and my only task as a investigator is to gather strategic information, I will still include those findings. As a prudent researcher, it is important to include such i nformation because it may affect the company operations, activities and profit. My task is to gather strategic information on business in China and these findings I assume is still part of my job.If I do not include such information on the research, this may create trouble for the company. My point is, it is safe to include it on the research since I just give it as an extra detail. The task is now on my CEO whether he still wants to adopt his beliefs or these new finding.ReferencesCoble International. (1988-2008). Doing occupation in China. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http//www.importexporthelp.com/doing-business-in-china.htm.Lee, Joseph. Analysis of the Failure and Success of Doing Business in China. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http//www.china-window.com/china_business/doing_PKF Accountants and Business Advisers. Doing Business in China. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http//www.pkf.com/jahia/webdav/site/pkf/users/emmaWilliams, DeEdra. (1998-2008). China. Retrieved April 17, 20 08 from http//www.cyborlink.com/besite/china.htm.

Ethical Issues With Globalization

Describe at least three ethical issues resulting from globalization. Well I hope that this is close to of what youre looking for because I really didnt understand the assignment. The low gear issue I nonice would be the Western culture and corporations displace jobs and communities at a high risk while they exploit tinny labor in the poor countries. By doing this it increase the threat to the environment. The undermentioned one would be how America is always trading, buying or assist China. For example China has cars that run off of eclectic and loss to hump how to make our cars. America will bargain with China and all they want is to still any secrets from use that will military service them in the farseeing run. And the last one would be how America is always running to separate people help trying to figure out ways to help them and we need help as well. I know they are reservation some types of deals with the other states or countries if we run to their rescue.Expla in the ethical risks and consequences associated with global business. matchless of the ethical risks would be kidnapping and bodily threats made by the other countries the United States does business with. The way that the United States are set up to do their trading and buying their employing more people in other countries than they are here in the US. At one point and period I couldnt see how that was possible but the US is not going to trust the other country with their goods so employees are needed.

Forensic Science Mod 12 Review Essay

1. What is a comparison microscope? What be the goods of this microscope? A comparison Microscope is 2 microscopes in one it allows you to view 2 slides at once. This is a huge advantage because it allows you to examine evidence with known sample. 2. What are the three substances that generally build up blusher? Describe each part. The three substances that generally drop up pigment are Pigments, Binders and Solvent. Pigments are what produce a fussy color of paint. Binders are what provide support for the paint and the solvent is what makes the paint into a liquid. 3. What are polymers?Polymers are substances that are made up of umpteen atoms that form in repeating patterns. 4. What is a s massning electron microscope? What are its advantages? The s after partning electron microscope is a microscope that works by shooting beams of electrons at the slide and recording the emissions of the electrons. One advantage is that it has much better expansion than other microscopes 5 . What is the PDQ? What is it used for?The PDQ also known as the Paint information Quarry is a database that allows some forensic labs to compare automobile paint to narrow down the paint color to the make and model of a car.Critical Thinking Questions1. What are some of the challenges for forensic scientists in relations with fiber evidence? Some challenges for Forensic Scientists dealing with fibers are that they direct to find these tiny pieces of evidence. 2. What does it mean if a paint sample matches a known sample from a vehicle? Does this indicate the same pedigree? Why or why not?3. Why are microscopes of the essence(predicate) to forensic scientists?Microscopes are important to forensic science because it allows us to compare and analyze evidence such as trace evidence. 4. What elements of paint can help forensic scientists compare samples to each other? Paint samples can be compared to each other by comparing the three bone marrow products the Which are pigments whi ch are added to make a certain color? other is theBinder which provides support to the paint and Solvents which are there to disperse these substances.

Aaron Zuniga-Bennett Essay

In the early mid-eighties, the the Statesn masses elected Ronald Reagan as President of the United S lacees of the States. umpteen people claim that Reagan was angiotensin converting enzyme of the greatest prexys of any time, while others believe that the hoidenish would have been much better(p) off had Reagan never been elected. Regardless of their semi governmental preferences, it is undeniable that Ronald Reagan changed the instauration in the 1980s and his hightail it as death chair will be forever remembered in the countless books of history. Ronald Reagan ran as a Republican and was the absolute spirit of a conservative. He worked to bring frontward the ideal of conservatism in America and successfully captured and isolated that tone in the presidency. As president, Reagan worked to bring the ideal of American exceptionalism natural covering to the province, to exercise the economy on the right track, and to block up the communistic bane that had been hand over since the end of World contend II. For completely told practical purposes, Ronald Reagan was a president who accomplished more than he rigid forth to do and did so famously some would say infamously. Nonetheless, Reagan accomplished more in his octad year presidency than most presidents of the 20th Century.He is widely hailed as the man who ended the Cold War and will forever be remembered as the man who led to the conservative resurgence in America. He was a man of profound aptitude and charm and America is better off for having Reagan as the Commander-in-Chief during the latter portion of the 20th Century. Ronald Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 in Tampico, Illinois. His mother, Nelle, was a home sustainr and his father, Jack, was a traveling salesman (Ronald Reagan). The Reagan family moved very much as Jack searched throughout the state for work and Ronald Reagan grew up in a very poor family. Despite the hardships his family encountered, Reagan graduated from ex travagantly develop in Dixon, Illinois and earned a football scholarship to attend constantan College (Reagan, American Life 43). After graduating from Eureka, Reagan pursued a line of achievement in Hollywood where he starred in over fifty movies and stick out became the president of the Screen Actors Guild. As president of the Screen Actors Guild, Reagan worked to remove all suspected Communists from Hollywood all the while encouraging conservative set in the liberal slanted film industry. In 1964, the former actor, RonaldReagan, delivered a studyly televised policy-making speech on behalf of conservative presidential aspect Barry Goldwater.The speech became one of Reagans most fundamental speeches that completely changed his life. In his speech, Reagan presented the country with his ideals of a perfect country, supported by his conservative values. He overly spoke close how America needs a unassailable national justification, a reduction of taskes, and the need to de feat the Communist threat in the Soviet Union. He also stated, We will preserve for our children this, the last best hope for man on earth, or we will blame them to agree the last step into a thousand years of ugliness (Reagan, Speaking 36). After his speech, Reagan was approached by many influential Republicans who urged him to run for regulator of California. His speech, on behalf of Barry Goldwater became one of his greatest triumphs. Reagan initially refuse when he was asked to run for regulator nevertheless, many influential Republicans got together and formed a fundraising group called Friends of Reagan. They raised a great deal of money and in 1966 Reagan defeated the infallible Democrat Governor of California (What Would Reagan Do?). At that moment, his political career began and in 1981, Reagan assumed the role as President of the United States of America. end-to-end his presidency, Reagan set America on a course to defeat the Communist threat in the Soviet Union, to b oost military funding, to cut tax revenuees, and to take back optimism to the American people. Reagan worked relentlessly to accomplish his goals and in the process changed the ground. Many of his critics attend the 1980s as a decade of unmitigated wealth and rapaciousness and they praise Soviet attractor Mikhail Gorbachev for ending the Cold War. From the beginning of his presidency, Ronald Reagan worked to end the Cold War, not to appease the Soviets. Former presidents had worked to devote relations with the Soviet Union. President Nixon had formed compromise and Carter worked to appease the Communists. However, Reagan rejected Communism, dtente, and containment, and set us on a course to win not fence the Cold War (The large One).Reagan met several(prenominal) times with General escritoire Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, and together they worked to compromise and create treaties that would eliminate the threat of get well-nigh range atomic ordnances. Many of the meetings with Gorbachev were productive, nevertheless Reagans ideal of hostile constitution was not as clean-livingly defined as many of his critics may have wished.The Reagan electric pig dealt with unknown policy on the mood of Peace through Strength, they worked to isolate any world menace and to send out all conterminous attention to that threat. This ideal of foreign policy worked to queer the Soviet Union and to make them aware that any danger they may pose would be dealt with in a quick and decisive manner. In 1983, Reagan ordered the United States Marines to invade Grenada. A coup dtat was taking place and a revolutionary group was trying to take control of the government to align with the bolshy Soviet Union (Reagan, American Life 449).Although the troops were only in Grenada for a short point of time, they did suppress the threat of a Communist uprising and Reagan shocked the world with his tough stance on global threats. During his presidency, Reagan inc reased federal defense spending by 35 percent and began building atomic weapons at an unprecedented rate (Ronald Reagan). In 1986, one American serviceman was killed in a bombing in Berlin that injured 63 other members of the American military. It became evident within hours that the terrorist attack had been planned and carried out by Muammar Qadhafi, the leader of Libya. Reagan was quick to order an air raid on key grime targets in Libya. The strike was a success and many important buildings were destroyed. Reagan turn to the nation shortly after the air raid and do several comments that were illustrative of his firm stance against terrorist actions.He said, When our citizens are abused or attacked anywhere in this world we will respond so ample as Im in this Oval Office, and to terrorist leaders around the world he said, He Qadhafi counted on America to be passive. He counted wrong (Reagan, Speaking 288). With that speech, Reagan imposed his views upon the world and he let t he country know that he would not succumb to any foreign national threat. For all practical purposes, about all of the military actions of the 1980s were direct in some manner towards the Soviet Union. The preemptive attacks on Grenada and Libya were used as threats against the Soviet Union and were meant to be symbolic of the fact that America would not hesitate to act.Reagan used his strong military presence as a threat against the Soviets and many of Reagans naysayers still believe he used force in a manner contradictory to the shrill power of the President of the United States. However, the Reagan Administration used their military ability to inflict terror into all Communist threats worldwide. The politicalphilosopher, Niccolo Machiavelli, speaks of powerful leaders, he writes, it is much safer to be feared than loved (Machiavelli 66). Therefore, regardless of what criticizers may say, it would seem that Reagans use of military force throughout the world was effective and th at Gorbachev feared his American equivalent. Reagan used his superiority to his advantage when he met with Gorbachev to discuss the reduction of nuclear missiles.During the 1980s, Reagan increased the defense spending more than any president had make before it was a part of his Peace through Strength foreign policy. During this time, the production of nuclear missiles surged and the United States found itself in a mini-arms turn tail with the Soviet Union. In principle, the Reagan Administration outspent the Soviets in defense and nuclear weapon production. In an effort to compete, the Soviets bankrupted themselves and had no choice but to dismiss their Marxist values. Between the years of 1985 and 1988, Reagan met with General Secretary Gorbachev four times in Switzerland, Iceland, Washington D.C., and Moscow (Reagan, American Life 545). The meetings between the two world leaders were dramatic and Reagan walked out of the meeting in Reykjavik, Iceland after Gorbachev failed compr omise.The tensions were high during all of the meetings and many people feared that any mistake could lead to an immediate nuclear Armageddon. Fortunately, no nuclear weapons were launched and the Reagan Administration triumphed over the Soviet Union. In 1987, Reagan visited East Berlin and spoke at the Brandenburg Gate. During his speech, he called for an end to Communism and a strengthening of individual liberty. His speech as the Brandenburg Gate is often viewed as one of the most successful speeches of his presidency. While speaking to a agitate of thousands, Reagan said to the General Secretary of the Soviet Union, Mr. Gorbachev, hustle down this border (Reagan, Speaking 352). Two years later, the Soviet Union agreed to tear down the Berlin Wall and within the year, Communist nations around Europe began to crumble. Many Democrats in Congress and the mainstream media admired Gorbachev for delivery peace to European countries they praised Gorbachev for surrendering and for c harge the warmongering Ronald Reagan from leading the country on the road to a nuclear war.Many Americans who opposed the Reagan Administration were more than happy to give the credit rating to the Soviet Union they believed Reagan was in like manner overpowering and heartless to have been so successful. Nevertheless, conservative talk show host, Rush Limbaugh writes, The end of the Cold War and the defeat of Communism in the Soviet Union was a clear victory for American values, for the American way of life, for the republican, democratic, free-marked ideals of the United States of America (Limbaugh Ought to Be 230). Therefore, it would seem that Reagan played a major role in bringing an end to the 40 year Cold War. Regardless of the beliefs and values one holds, Ronald Reagan ended the Cold War and suppressed the Communist threat worldwide. He changed the world Although his greatest success may have been bringing ending to the Cold War, Reagan also accomplished a great deal in th e United States of America.When he left office in 1989, the economy was faulting records and benefitting from the longest period of peacetime prosperity without recession or depression (Ronald Reagan). mountain were making money in America and thanks to Reagans tax cuts they were able to nutriment more of what they earned. The Reagan Administration began an economical policy that became set as Reaganomics or trickle-down economics. Reaganomics was the belief that tax cuts for the well-to-do, middle soma, and poor would work to stimulate the economy. If the rich had more money, they would create more businesses and opportunity, the middle class would then be able to become business owners, and higher the poor. It is a social hierarchy of job creation and the nation experienced 96 months of peacetime economic growth (Limbaugh, Told You So 122). In 1990, George H.W. Bush disbanded the policy of Reaganomics and the 96 months of economic growth ended almost immediately. Many histo rians, to this day, view the 1980s as a decade of greed where the rich got richer and the poor got poorer. They also discredit the policy of Reaganomics because they do not believe the rich compensable their fair share of taxes.However, economic figures are illustrative of how much the rich truly pay in taxes. It seems that the top 1% of income earners pay nearly 40% of all federal income taxes in the United States (What Would Reagan Do?). Therefore, withal if the 1980s were deemed as a decade of greed, it would seem that greed is good. Reagan worked to edit out onerous taxes in order to return the wealth to its rightful owners, the workers. The Reagan Administration did not hand out money rather, they let people keep more of what they had already earned. In return, consumerism rose and the money wasimmediately deposited back into the national economy. Therefore, it would seem that the tax cuts and policy of Reaganomics worked very well in the 1980s the economic growth experience d in that decade has yet to be matched. Regardless of ones political affiliation, it is undeniable that tax cuts work and the economic policy of the Regan Administration should be implemented into our dodge now, during the present economic crisis. The implementation of tax cuts, both on income and corporations, provided works class Americans with the incentive to work and to achieve.No longer were people claustrophobic of earning the tax cuts prevented hard working Americans from being punished with difficult and resume taxation. This era of economic growth restored a feeling of optimism in America, particularly after the failures of the Carter Administration and the record setting unemployment rate of the late 1970s. Ronald Reagans policies, both foreign and domestic, made people proud to be Americans erstwhile again. During the 1980s, Americans were not being villainized and condemned, they were being praised. Reagan restored the feeling of confidence in America and brought f orth a generation of strong, nationalistic Americans. Ronald Reagan was a success as President of the United States, not only because of his charisma and communication skills, nor apparently because of his policies. Ronald Reagan was a success because the American people loved him. In 1984, during his fight down for a second term, the electorate illustrated their reverie for him and he won in the largest landslide victory ever recorded.He was unanimously re-elected in 49 of the 50 states (What Would Reagan Do?). His unprecedented victory astonished the world and many of his political detractors wondered how he could be so popular. Once again, the political philosopher Machiavelli offers insight into how a person should be a successful leader. Machiavelli wrote in 1513, he should vivify his citizens to follow their pursuits quietly, in trade and in agriculture and in either other pursuit of men, so that one person does not fear to adorn his possessions for fear that they be take n away from him, and another to open up a trade for fear of taxes (Machiavelli 91). In essence, Reagan accomplished all of these aforementioned goals during his presidency. His policy of a strong national defense worked to make people feel comfortable and unafraid of a Communist attack, and his policy of Reaganomics allowed people to become entrepreneurs without a fear of being taxed out ofbusiness.For all practical purposes, Reagan epitomized the values of a good leader as plus by Niccolo Machiavelli he restored the power and the faith to the people while at the same time ruling under the facade of being a decisive and horrific leader when handling foreign threats. In the end, it is apparent that Ronald Reagan accomplished a great deal during his administration. His most important accomplishments stem from restoring optimism in Americans, the issue forth growth of economic prosperity, and bringing an end to the Cold War. Many of his political opponents still work to destroy the successes of his administration and they blame him for being too demanding and too dangerous. They thought his actions during the 1980s were detrimental to the growth and prosperity of America. On January 11, 1989, during his farewell address to the nation, he said, My friends We did it. We werent just marking time. We made a difference. We made the city stronger.We made the city freer, and we left her in good hands. All in all, not bad, not bad at all (Reagan, Speaking 418). The Reagan Administration was one of growth and success. During his presidency, he changed America, let alone the world, for the better. He had done what no president before him could, he set the nation on a course for unprecedented economic growth, and he led to the downfall of Communism and the Cold War. His opponents viewed him as a failure however, his policies greatly impacted the world. If Ronald Reagan were alive today, he would still be the last best hope for this country.ReferenceCoulter, Ann. What Wo uld Reagan Do?. http//anncoulter.com/cgi-local/article.cgi?article=77. 21 September 2005. Web. 4 April 2014. Limbaugh, Rush. See, I Told You So. New York firing Star Books, 1993. Limbaugh, Rush. The Great One. National Review 28 June 2004 36. Academic OneFile. Web. 7. April 2014. Limbaugh, Rush. The Way Things Ought to Be. New York Pocket Books, 1992. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Chicago The University of Chicago Press, 1998. Reagan, Ronald. An American Life. New York Simon and Schuster, 1990. Reagan, Ronald. Speaking My Mind. New York Simon and Schuster, 1989 Ronald Reagan. http//www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan. Web. 7 April 2014.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Vehicular webs ar going as a milepost of the coming coevals the innate(predicate) acid Systems ( ITSs ) , touching a safer and more efficient transit by giving whole ontogeny on clip to drivers and several g overnments. By and large the moving fomites ar able to draw turn up on with separate(a) fomite through the vehicle to vehicle communication or to the passage side unit via vehicle to lane side communication. Particularly the situation of vehicle must be hint on its individuality on web 1 , 2 . Besides the traveling vehicle has its ain individuality depending on the another(prenominal) vehicle. The vehicles argon ever anon. in the web. A big field of petition in web relies on association and entropy collection amongst take parting vehicles. Exclusive of individualities of participants, such(prenominal) industrys ar susceptible to the Sybil assault where a malicious vehicle drape as legion(predicate) individualities 3 , overwhelmingly act uponing the consequence. The effect of Sybil plan of attack happening in vehicular web can be important. For case, in security footstep related contraption such as danger expostulate withing, peg turning away, and fliting aid, partial consequences caused by a Sybil onslaught can testify the manner to strict simple machine bad luck. Therefore, it is of great significance to ascertain Sybil onslaughts from the highly get downing of their happening. Detecting aggressor node in urban vehicular webs, however, is real demanding. Primary, vehicles are cryptic. There are no handcuffs of trust associating claimed individualities to reliable vehicles. Second, location privateness of vehicles is of great apprehensiveness. neighbourhood information of vehicle can be actu onlyy private. For case, it can be contingent that the rider of a vehicle may be on a lower floor the conditions from cognizing the vehicle is parking following to a infirmary. It is inhi snatchive to do obligatory a conversati on association among claimed individuality to genuine vehicles by formalizing the physiologic courage of a vehicle at a proving place and clip. Third, conversations among vehicles are really bantam. Due to elevated mobility of vehicles, a running vehicle can control merely more than a few seconds 4 to pass on with another periodically encountered vehicle. It is hard to establish certain dependability among pass oning vehicles in such a bantam clip. This makes it effortless for a malevolent vehicle to bring forth an aggressive individuality but really hard for others to legalise. Additionally, small considerment amongst vehicles calls for online Sybil assault exposure. The find proposal fails if a Sybil onslaught is set after the onslaught has accomplished. To extinguish the bullying of Sybil onslaughts, it is undemanding to obviously adhere a dissimilar authorised individuality 5 , 6 , 8 to all(prenominal) vehicle so that all alter vehicle can match to itself merely virtuoso time during all communications. Using unambiguous individualities of vehicles has the likely to wholly avoid Sybil onslaughts but violates the whodunit concern in urban vehicular webs.1.1 Introduction of vehicular electronic networkThe aim of ambient intelligence is to make an intelligent day-to-day infinite, which is instantaneously useable and integrated into our places, our offices, our roads, our autos, and everyplace. This impudently construct must be inconspicuous it must intermix in with our normal environment and must be present when we need it. One of the applications of this construct consists of supplying our autos and roads with capablenesss to do the itinerary more secure ( information active the art, accidents, dangers, possible merry-go-round way, conditions, etc. ) and to do our clip on the route more cherubic ( Internet entree, web games, assisting two stack follow each(prenominal) other on the route, chat, etc. ) . These applications are typica l illustrations of what we call an Intelligent Transportation System ( ITS ) whose end is to better security, efficiency and enjoyment in route conveyance through the usage of new engineerings for information and communication ( NTIC ) . traditionalistic handicraft commandion schemas are based on centralised infantrys where cameras and sensors apply along the route cod information on denseness and avocation province and transmit this information to a cardinal unit to treat it and do appropriate determinations. This type of system is really dearly-won in footings of deployment and is characterized by a long reaction clip for processing and information transportation in a mise en scene where information transmittal checker is overcritical and is highly of import in this type of system. In add-on, these devices primed(p) on roads require periodic and expensive care. Consequently, for big surpass deployment of this type of system, of import investing is required in the co mmunication and detector substructure. However, with the rapid development of wireless communicating engineerings, location and detectors, a new decentralized ( or semi-centralized ) architecture based on vehicle-to-vehicle communications ( V2V ) has created a really existent participation these last few old ages for auto makers, R & A D community and telecom operators. This type of architecture relies on a distributed and independent system and is make up of the vehicles themselves without the substantiate of a fixed substructure for informations routing. In this instance, we are speaking about a vehicular ad hoc web ( VANET ) , which is no more than a specific application of traditional winding ad hoc webs ( MANET ) . An illustration of an urban VANET web is illustrated in Following Figure.Fig 1.1. Example of VANET webAn application sphere where those visions can go world in the close hereinafter is wireless communicating in vehicular dealing webs in allege to better bus iness guard duty and to increase traffic efficiency, vehicle-to-X communicating ( V2X ) webs. The notations car-to-X communicating ( C 2X ) and vehicular ad- hoc webs ( VANE Ts ) are synonymously used. The X emphasizes that each entirely vehicles communicate ( vehicle-to-vehicle communicating ( V2V ) ) , or so do vehicles and substructure points ( vehicle-to-infrastructure communicating ( V2I ) ) . For both types of communicating similar engineerings may be used, and webs unification both are expected. In this dissertation we concentrate on direct V2V communicating. It is envisioned that by interchanging information straight in the midst of vehicles every vehicle should be able to observe vehicles in the surrounding and may visualize the authorized traffic state of affairs from collected information. Such co-operative autos warn their drivers if necessary, e.g. in instance of at hand dangers like possible hits with other vehicles or meeting obstructions on the route, e.g. rou te works. The communicating hence has to bestow through highest quality demands as precise information has to be hereditary with high dependability and short hold under inauspicious and passing dynamic environmental conditions.A cardinal edifice block of V2V communicating is the periodic transmittal of position information by every ace vehicle. These messages that are oftentimes called beacon messages contain information like current place, velocity, acceleration and way of driving. The messages serve as the information footing for the commonplace consciousness of the vehicles. For vehicles in the close surrounding of a several sender, the receipt of beacon messages is of peculiar importance in order to obtain undefiled consciousness of the stopping point environing. Beacon messages establish specific and odd communicating belongingss that develop to be considered. First, beacon messages are transmitted by every equipt vehicle. Second, beacon messages that contain up-to-d ate information are transmitted in a periodic man- ner, i.e. several times per second. Third, the messages are transmitted in a broad- dramatis personae mode and do non hold one specific receiver. In effect, an effectual strategy to admit a made message response is non easy applicable. Therefore, specific methods are necessary to look into this type of communicating that we call local broadcasts communicating.With regard to the mentioned belongingss it has to be identified how timely and dependable periodic beacon messages can be distributed in the local surrounding of each vehicle. A cardinal and precise perception of the systems in usage, their behaviour and their public presentation is necessary to measure V2V communicating and to plan systems that work dependable under mundane conditions. Therefore, the end of this thesis is a comprehensive and precise public presentation rating of periodic local broadcast communicating in V2V communicating webs. Of peculiar involvement is the scalability of immense and heavy webs. It turns out that the concealed terminus job is funnily relevant as it causes discussions during the response of messages. We discuss the analysis of set up of mu- tual intervention on the public presentation of V2V webs and accordingly on their possible. Therefore, such webs are analyzed with a focal point on the possibilities and restrictions that the communicating mechanisms and the physical features impart for the particular type of informations traffic that is exchanged.Several undertakes worldwide have look intod the betterment of transit systems with regard to the positive consequence on traffic safety and traffic efficiency. In recent old ages, the specific lead of V2X communicating came into focal point and broadened the research sphere to the interaction of vehicles and substructure. Be- bow, these spheres were frequently treated individually while from infrastructure side adaptable traffic telematics applications were introdu ced ( e.g. variable message marks for velocity and figure of parking tonss, or adaptative traffic visible radiations for traffic flow optimisation ) , on the vehicle side, electronic systems were introduced to im- prove rider safety, the controllability of the vehicle in critical state of affairss, or pilotage systems. The possibility to interact via wireless communicating be- tween substructure and vehicles, every bit advantageously as straight between vehicles, allows to develop wholly new application scenarios where co subprogram of the different entities may be achieved. We now foremost present undertakings where such possible applications were discussed, before deducing the communicating challenges and so looking at the proficient systems that should supply the necessary communicating demands.A fluid ad hoc web ( MANET ) is an independent system made up of nomadic Stationss interrelated by wireless associations devoid of the educational activity of a centralised substructure . Following gettable communications in the web, the nomadic Stationss ( or nodes ) can say besides the map of router to convey informations. In this chapter, we focal point on the survey of the chief component in ITS systems which are inter vehicle communicating ( IVC ) and its correlative helpers. For route security services, the information on possible danger can be exchange in existent minute between vehicles to advise the drivers. Examples of services are non blemished to route security applications but subsist for other types of map as good, peculiarly console applications ( portable Internet entree, set of autos, games, etc. ) whirl interesting point of view for telecom operators looking for original service niches. Road security has been an of import anxiousness in the universe over the past few old ages while 1000000s of public dice every twelvemonth since of auto bad luck and many more are offended. gettable figures show that route dealing accidents in the Member States of the European Union per annum maintain about 39000 lives and escape more than 1.7 million people affronted, stand foring an predictable cost of 160 billion euros programmed public route systems and intelligent transit systems ( ITS ) were commence to rush up the development and call of intelligent incorporated safety strategy that utilize information and communicating engineerings as an intelligent declaration, in order to escalate route safety and chair the figure of accidents in our prospect roads. In unsimilarity, as nomadic wireless attack became an of import portion of our life, and the omnipresent anywhere, anytime connectivity strategy is advertise on magnetic attraction, Internet right to use from vehicles is in big stipulate. The proliferation of cooperated system move in front for ITS and the focal point on information and transit engineerings services on one manus and the upgrade figure of communicating infrastructure-enabled agencies of transit on the other manus has undefendable up fresh production theoretical accounts and cardinal market sections for legion stakeholders in the ITS-market. The Vehicular Communication Networks ( VCNs ) are a anchor of the ideate Intelligent Transportation Systems ( ITS ) . Through enabling vehicles to pass on with each other by manner of Inter-Vehicle Communication ( IVC ) every bit good as with wayside base Stationss via Roadside-to-Vehicle Communication ( RVC ) , vehicular system could provide to safer and extra competent roads. The juncture and territory of entry of VCNs are upgrade quickly, with abundant vehicle manufacturer and cryptic establishment sharply prolonging investigate and enlargement in this field. The grouping with involved antenna systems, and the progressive sprinkling of committed localisation systems ( GPS ) produce VCNs pertinent for the development of forceful protection applications, numbering knock into and concern systems, driver helper and bright traffic supervising system. On the other manus, inter-vehicular communicating ( IVC ) besides fuels the tremendous chances in online car break and enables the incorporation through Internet services and applications. In this Chapter, we nearby a comprehensive portraiture of the province of the art of this lively traveling research country indicating to look into, undertakings and homogeny attempts that have been done. We discover the olympian facial visual aspect and challenges that distinguish these extremely self-motivated webs every bit good as their necessities, peculiarly in footings of excellence of service, promote premise and sanctuary. We discuss diverse forwarding and routing attack concentrating on Location-based method including anchor-based routing . We brush up miscellaneous intelligent flooding and information airing progress. We terminate by researching future investigate waies in this field.The first IVC surveies have emerged at the kickoff of the 1980s in Japan ( for illustration Associati on of Electronic engine room for Automobile Traffic and Driving ) with the addition of people or do in travelling, therefore exciting the geographic expedition of new solutions such as automatic drive, intelligent route planning, etc. Several authorities establishments end-to-end the universe have led an explorative stage from different world-wide undertakings, affecting a big figure of research units. These undertakings have led to the commentary of several possible paradigms and solutions, based on different attacks. In this manner, traffic direction systems were installed in big Nipponese metropoliss and on most urban and intercity main roads. The Japanese have made big investings in the development of driver information systems. In the instance of a main road, the system electronically monitors the velocity and volume of traffic and gives drivers instant warnings on accidents and holds. Warnings and other information for drivers are displayed on different variable message ma rks. In the Nipponese AHS ( Automated Highway System ) undertaking, the end was to plan an automated main road system for independent drive control of the vehicle is assumed by a computing machine on board. In the USA, there is the Intelligent Transportation Society of America ( ITS America ) , which is a group of makers, authorities bureaus, universities and other endeavors. This group focuses on research, publicity and development and deployment coordination of ITS applications passim the USA. As in Japan, the American authorities besides use the NAHSC ( National Automated Highway System Consortium ) in 1995. In Europe, the PROMETHEUS ( PROgraM European Traffic with Highest Efficiency and Unprecedented Safety ) undertaking began in 1986 and included over 13 vehicle makers and several universities from 19 European states. In this context, several attacks and solutions refering ITSs have been developed, enforceed and demonstrated.The consequences of this first measure were a ela borate analysis of the job and the development of a feasibility survey to accomplish a better apprehension of the conditions and possible effects of using the engineering. Later, and with the technological promotion of communicating, computation and location equipments, other undertakings were carried out and have paved the manner for some IVC applications. Because of the importance of this field, new undertakings were initiated throughout the universe. In Europe, a certain figure of big scale undertakings have late emerged focussing on jobs related to IVC systems. Most of these undertakings were introduced in the context of research plans from the European Community ( 5thand 6ThursdayPCRD ) . However, a big bulk of these undertakings focus on the sole usage of bing substructure for implementing the IVC system, which can be highly expensive. Drive DRI 99 and GST GST 05 undertakings are first-class illustrations of these undertakings. DRiVE ( Dynamic communicate for IP Services in Vehicular Environments ) is meant to work on the convergence of different cellular engineerings and high throughput webs ( GSM, UMTS, DAB and DVB-T ) in order to implement the necessary foundation for the development of advanced IP services for vehicles. The GST ( international Systems for Telematics ) GST 05 undertaking is besides intended for applications related to route safety. However, this undertaking focuses on the usage of the GSM web. It focuses on jobs in relation with procuring the web and service substructure, operation security and charge.

Cognitive Approach to Psychology

Shane Galvin-061 AT- utilise mental knowledge Shane Galvin Class 061/AT Applied psychological science T for each oneer Carol Neenan Title Psychological Perspective account playscript count 3121 The cognitive Approach to psychology Contents foliate 1 Contents Page 2 Introduction Page 3 floor Page 4 cognitive psychological science and Cognitive Science Page 6- Research modes i) iii) v) Re exertion time Studies Eye Tracking Studies Psychophysics ii) iv) vi) Priming Studies lateralization Studies Single-Cell Studies Page 8 computer storage Storage and Models Page 10 healthful Appli vomit upions Page 11 Evaluation Page 12 Bibliography Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied psychological science The Cognitive Approach to psychology What is Cognitive Psychology? Literally, Cognition means knowing, scarcely in the great framework of Psychology, Cognition is mentation, perceiving instruction, understanding, occasionion and presentation of an per take a crap to a question. Esse ntially, cognition is a precondition for the practice of our ami satisfactory litigatees. Cognitive Psychology is the cartoon of higher mental processes such as attention, phraseology use, shop, perception, problem solving, and thinking. (Gerrig & Zimbardo. 2002) Cognitive Psychology uses scientific rules and scrutiny to ramp up a deeper understanding of the gentleman understanding, rather than the headland, a methodological analysis perhaps adequate from Behaviourism, in which modern Cognitive Psychology holds its roots. Yet, unlike demeanorism, which only focuses on observable behaviour, Cognitive Psychology is in any case concerned with internal mental states. 2 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology History In 1932, Behaviourist Edward Tolman published his book Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Men In his works Tolman study rats in a snarl, in which food was placed at the sack of the maze.In the initial phase of a test, the rat would not be empty-bellied whi le setoff entering the maze this would deliver the rat to bring where the food would be and to associate a certain location with the look of food. Of course, beingness armed with such a primal survival disposition would influence the rat to learn and adapt quickly. The rat would move in the general direction of the food as opposed to a particular pathway and Tolman observed that the rats were able to use untrained routes towards the food.This meant that rats had an ability to learn, beyond mere survival instinct and presented a problem for radical behaviourism. Whether Tolman knew it or not, both he and his rats were laying down the groundwork for modern cognitive psychology. Tolman theorized that the animal had unwraped an image of its environment that it later utilize as a reference when finding its food. This is called a Cognitive Map i. e. , the rats showed use of their cognitive map by reaching a design (food) from a number of different starting points.The rats had no instinctive information of the maze and no stimuli that would condition it to thrust knowledge of the maze, in other linguistic process the rats learned about their environment and stored the information. This championed to establish around basis for entrepot storage, learned behaviour and analytical methodology for Cognitive Psychology and would help Psychologists prepargon for the Cognitive Revolution of the 1950s where Cognitive Psychology and its prescript argonas of interrogative begin to move around defined. 3 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied PsychologyThe Term Cognitive Psychology came into use in 1967 in the book Cognitive Psychology by Neisser. the term cognition refers to all processes by which the sensory input is change , reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used it is app atomic number 18nt that cognition is involved in everything a homosexual being might possibly do that every psychological phenomena is a cognitive phenomena (Neisser, 1967) Perhaps it w as the invention of the computer that gave Cognitive Psychology the most credibility.For the first time in history, mankind had nighthing to which it could comp ar with the human judgement or mind, and gave the cognitive approach its terminology. By being able to study a simpler artificial construct, psychologists now had the opportunity to learn much about cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology focuses on the way homo process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the somebody (what behaviorists would call stimuli), and how this treatment leads to responses. In other words, they argon interested in the variables that mediate in the midst of stimulation/input and response/output. (McLeod, 2007) Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science Part of the effect that the cognitive revolution had on its approach is the amalgamation of techniques and ideologys from other distinct arenas of interrogation and study such as linguistics, computer science, developmental psychology and cognitive psychology. It seems as though it is a reaction to the stimulus-response methodology and mode of rendition espoused by behavioural scientists. Noam Chomsky theorised that the brain had a centre for language scholarship that went beyond what could be explained by behavioural psychology.Jean Piaget had laid out stages of cognitive development that children go finished which again could not be explained indoors the framework of Behaviourism. Computer scientists provided a new way of comparably examining the brain by using computer touch on as a method to conceptualise brain processing. These scientists maintained their own distinct methodologies but they held unitedly and remained united in their interest in cognition and in their goal to bring the scientific study of these processes to unhorse. This scientific collective became known as cognitive science (Solso, et al. 2008) In modern times cognitive science relies on computer science, phil osophy, psychology, neuroscience, linguistics and anthropology. Cognitive science is heavily influenced by computer science in computer modelling it is possible to construct and test cognitive models, in the form of artificial intelligence (AI) which has leaked into hot use in the form of interactive technology such as video gaming. 4 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology But it is of particular benefit to psychologists because they batch test certain, although limited, cognitive models and theories ground on computer models.Cognitive Psychology uses a combination of techniques adapted from other areas of research in order to research its own theories, thus we gain an intrinsic relationship between cognitive psychology and other methodologies as illustrated in Gardners Hexagon. The diverse thread of methodologies in the cognitive approach allows researchers and clinical psychologists to approach problems, issues and hypotheses from a citizenry of different backgrounds and all ow a wider range of scrutiny to verify their findings in keeping with scientific inquiry.Ultimately this allows the cognitive scientist/psychologist to create models of predictive capability that are reproducible which, in Psychology, allows for a greater understanding of the human mind and its mechanisms. 5 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology Research Methods The research methods of cognitive psychology observe and record how we take in information from the natural universe of discourse, the response time of reactions and how we process this information to perceive it. The methods of cognitive psychology stem from those used by early German researchers studying recollection, association and processes.These tools became a mainstay of experimental psychology. As cognitive psychology began to form and become interdisciplinary, methods from other research fields were borrowed and circumscribed for use in the study of cognitive processes. Research methods are the tools by which w e come to know and understand, as healthful as test ideas and develop new ones. (Solso, et al. , 2008) i) Reaction Time Studies Reaction time studies are used to study cognitive processes and seem to be a defining methodology in the cognitive approach.An usage is Donders complication studies, in which a subjects response speed to a flannel inflame being turned on was recorded and compared to a yellow light being turned on. Researchers believed early on that the time difference between the two responses could assume been attributed to additional processing that it took to differentiate the yellow from the white light. Reaction time studies fundamentally rely on the assumption that cognitive activity takes time and that one stage is completed before the other starts. (Solso, et al. , 2008) ii) Priming studiesPriming studies have been used by psychologists for quite some time. With the invention of computer technology, specifically brain imaging technology, undercoat studies ar e becoming more popular. In priming studies a stimulus is presently presented (a prime) and then, after a delay, a second stimulus is presented and a actor is asked to make some judgement regarding the second stimulus, such as, Is the second stimulus the same as the first? (Solso, et al. , 2008) in that respect are two suits of priming effects. The Semantic priming Effect and the Object priming effect.The Semantic priming effect is that by activating one token, the acceptability of the second item is enhanced. The Object priming effect is typically in two stages. The first stage is the presentation of an object. This is followed by an interval that may be as ill-considered as a millisecond or as considerable as several months. In the second stage an object alike(p) to the first object is presented, it could be changed, degraded or rotated etc. The participants accuracy in remembering the first object is then thrifty and sometimes the reaction time is measured as well. Tu lving & Schacter, 1990) 6 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology iii) Eye-Tracking studies A large portion of the brain is used for interpreting and processing ocular sensory information. Researchers have developed techniques to track the movement of look in order to determine where a somebodys midpoint is fixed which in particular helps to study people reading, what sentence they are looking at and where they look next. Eye-tracking studies have helped researchers to discover that people who have dyslexia have different eye movements to people who do not have dyslexia. v) Lateralisation Studies Lateralisation studies developed from the idea that the two sides of the brain are responsible for different cognitive functions, in an effort to localise functions in spite of appearance the brain, Broca and Wernickes areas ( centres that are responsible for speech and language) are located on one side of the brain, the left side, this implies that the brain has place areas for differe nt functions, these studies were particularly important in the area of memory study and studies of amnesiac patients, through the methodology used in lateralisation studies, i. e. riming type tests, and brain imaging we know that the genus Hippocampus is responsible for memory, although on that point are two hippocampi. There are in any case more invasive techniques used in lateralisation studies using patients with essential epilepsy undergoing preventative surgery whereby the corpus collosum, the fibres which connect the hemispheres of the brain, are cut. v) Psychophysics Psychophysics is the scientific study of the relationship between stimuli and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli. (Solso, et al. , 2008) Psychophysicists are interested in perceptual thresholds.For example in Webers study of perceptual thresholds he tested a souls ability to detect weight. If a person was dimension a weighted object, how much weight could be added before the person could detect and perceive the difference in weight. vi) Single-cell Studies Single-cell studies are typically conducted in animals as opposed to humans because of their invasive genius. Hubel & Wiesel, who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their 1959 research, mapped the visual cortex of cats. This research involved the opening of the skull of the subject.They had theorised that because wiz cells communicate with each other via electrical impulses then it would be possible to probe these single cells with a an extremely fine meter to measure the amount of electrical activity in a cell without damaging it, thereby allowing them to appreciate perceptual experience at a cellular level. Hubel & Wiesel basically retiring a cat , opened its skull, probed its brain and then showed the cat 7 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology moving images and kept probing until they could record the level of cellular electrical activity.This gave us an insight into how we visual perceive the world and the physical action that takes place in the brain. (Solso, et al. , 2008) Memory, Storage and Models Cognitive Psychology is viewed as a pure science, its accepted theories on memory, for example, are based on laboratory experiments with demonstrable results as well as self-coloured work in case studies. For example the Multi store Model (MSM) by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968, 1971) cited by (McLeod, 2007) attempted to explain how information is transferred from Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory.This model views sensory memory, STM and LTM as permanent structural components and suggests that memory is made up of a serial publication of stores. MSM likens memory as information flowing through a system of rules. entropy is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory. If attended to this information enters the short term memory. Information from the STM is transferred to the long-term memory only if that information is rehearsed. If rehearsal does not occur, then informa tion is forgotten, lost from short term memory through the processes of displacement or decay. McLeod, 2007) This model has influenced the study and research of memory and is supported and informed by studies of retrograde and anterograde amnesia. The Working Model of Memory (Baddely & Hitch, 1974), shows that short term memory is more than one store and consists of different components. Similarly, in long term memory different kinds of memory such as addition/subtraction, how to play cheat or what we did yesterday are not stored in one hard-drive type long term memory store. There are different types of memory, occasional (memory of events), procedural (memory of how to do 8 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology hings) and semantic (general knowledge). This model of memory espouses that rehearsal is the process whereby by we transfer information into Long term memory but that it is not necessary to rehearse in some cases. . We know, now, that the part of the brain that deals with memory is the genus Hippocampus it is part of the limbic system and deals with short term memory and long term memory, as well as spatial functions, the hippocampus is shown in this diagram. As we post see, there are hippocampi there is a hippocampus in both sides of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the cerebral cortex and is located in the medial blase lobe.Damage to the hippocampus batch result in a person being unable to store new memories and is quite devastating to a persons quality of sprightliness. In the case of Clive wearing, based on Baddely, 1990 Blakemore 1988 as cited in (Gross, 2010), who suffered from anterograde amnesia, we burn see the effects of damage to the hippocampus, in this case caused by a rare brain infection caused by the cold sore virus (Herpes Simplex). Mr. Wearing lives almost as if he is frozen in time, constantly believing he has just woken from days of unconscious sleep. He retains developed skills, for example he was the chorus keep down of the London Sinfonietta.Unfortunately for Mr. Wearing his ability to recall memories from earlier in his life is extremely patchy, at best. Atkinson and Schiffrin regard the kind of memory Deficits displayed by Clive Wearing as perhaps the single most convincing demonstration of a dichotomy in the memory system (Gross, 2010) 9 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology remedial Applications Cognitive behavioural Therapy (CBT) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is based on how our sentiments, feelings and behaviour all interact with each other our judgements influence our feelings and behaviour.CBT helps the knob to develop alternate ways of thinking and behaving in order to reduce psychological distress. Through reflective processes and tasks such as homework, the clients nonadaptive thought process and behaviour is challenged. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is a drapery term for different therapeutic interventions that share similar characteristics. Two therapies which form the basi s of CBT are Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, and Cognitive Therapy, developed by Aaron T.Beck in the 1960s. Beck puts forward the line of products that our emotional reactions are essentially a function of how we construe the world. depress people see themselves as victims, and Beck sees them as victims of their own illogical self-judgements. Becks central idea is that depressed individuals feel as they do because their thinking is dominated by negative schemas. (Gross, 2010) Beck essentially implies that we interpret our reality by using our cognitive processes and our perception.If our perceptions are skewed because our cognitive processes are dysfunctional or our methods of reasoning are incorrect then our emotions and behaviour become distorted from reality. In order to correct emotional or psychological disturbances then we must seek to render the root of the problem, viewing this through the lens of cognition means that we must correct our thought process in order to correct the symptomatic behavioural and emotional disorder. Beck uses methods to treat a disorder depending on the disorder that the client suffers from. He stresses the importance of the quality of the relationship between the client and therapist.Beck as well places particular emphasis on the client discovering misconceptions for themselves. (McLeod, 2008) Albert Ellis Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy is quite contrasting to Becks method. Ellis Proposes that the therapist should be a teacher and that a warm personal relationship is unnecessary. REBT can also be highly directive, persuasive and confrontational. REBT also uses different methods of approach to a clients issue depending on the clients personality. Human cognition can be held responsible for the individuals successes and accomplishments, according to CBT cognition can also be held responsible for our problems. You are responsible for the termination of the pip It emphas ises control over ones behaviour and emotions through correcting thought processes. The nature of Cognitive 10 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology Psychology/Science allow cognitive theories to be tested in a variety of situations, for example Rimm & Litvaks 1969 (McLeod, 2008) study shows that When experimental subjects are manipulated into adopting unpleasant assumptions or thought they became more anxious and depressed.Moreover, many people with diagnosed psychological disorders such as anxiety and sexual disorders have been found to display maladaptive thoughts and assumptions, devising a case for the effectiveness of CBT. Aaron Becks work in researching natural depression and order disorders in clinical as well as laboratory settings and testing memory and other cognitive functions, and in particular his outcome studies have shown that CBT can be highly effective. CBT is also used in the treatment of drug abuse, bipolar disorder and in patients with cancer, HIV, OCD, PTSD and schizophrenia.It has also been theoretically applied in the treatment of psychopathy. Evaluation/Personal larn Upon examining the field of Cognitive Psychology, I have learned that cognitive Psychology is adaptive. It evolves with the times and incorporates new technologies, but also has a serious understructure in scientific methodology in order to correctly examine and understand the human mind. Cognitive Psychology is informed by the greater umbrella that is cognitive science. For example it uses information from computer science and neuroscience in order to better understand the cognitive processes that exist in the human brain.Given that the mind is not a physical entity this style of scientific inquiry may be the best approach in understanding it. There is a good scientific framework underlying Cognitive psychology which then allows the Psychologist to move forward and deal with issues presented by the mind. As we can see in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, the therapist a pproaches the abstract nature of the mind by focusing on the underlying mental hierarchy. That being, Cognition, Emotion, Behaviour, in order to treat symptomatic issues, the therapist using this approach must deal with the thought processes that create these symptoms.The most important lesson that I have learned is that, while the mind is an abstract construct and is quite onerous to quantify, quantifiable information about physical constructs such as the brain and general human biology and chemistry and its influences informs the understanding of the human mind. 11 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology Bibliography Baddely, A. & Hitch, G. , 1974. Working Memory. In G. Bower, ed. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation Advances in Research and Theory. New York Academic Press, pp. 47-89.Gerrig, R. J. & Zimbardo. , &. P. G. , 2002. Glossary. Online Available at http//www. apa. org/research/action/glossary. aspx Accessed 14 November 2012. Gross, R. , 2010. Psychology The Science o f Mind and Behaviour. 6th ed. London HodderArnold. McLeod, S. , 2007. Atkinson and Shiffrin Multi fund Model of Memory.. Online Available at http//www. simplypsychology. org/multi-store. html Accessed 16 November 2012. McLeod, S. , 2007. http//www. simplypsychology. org/cognitive. html. Online Available at fromhttp//www. implypsychology. org/cognitive-therapy. html Accessed 10 November 2012. McLeod, S. , 2008. Simply Psychology, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Online Available at http//www. simplypsychology. org/cognitive-therapy. html Accessed 12 November 2012. Neisser, U. , 1967. Cognitive Psychology. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts. Solso, R. L. , Maclin, O. H. & Maclin, M. K. , 2008. Cognitive Psychology. 8th ed. capital of Massachusetts Pearson. Tulving, E. & Schacter, D. L. , 1990. Priming and Human Memory Systems. Science, Volume 247, pp. 301-306. 12

Emily Dickinson’s “A Certain Slant of Light” Analysis Essay Essay

In her poem, Theres a certain Slant of precipitate, Emily Dickinson uses fables and kitchen stovery to pay back the tonus of sacrament and despair at passs twilight. The sloping light that she wait ons, is a metaphor for her battle with depression. Anyone who is familiar with Dickinsons downplay will admit a let on understanding of what she is trying to adduce in this poem. Dickinson was known as a recluse and spent or so of her life isolated from the outside world. The few people that she did come in contact with over the years argon said to have had a major impact on her poetry. Although, her main muse of her work seems to be despair and sexual conflict.Whats interesting about the poem is that Dickinson uses metaphors to spot depression, as well as religion. It is clear that the poet intends to highlight the light in the afternoon with its heaviness and solemnity. The time of year that the poet is describing is winter, while the time of daytime is twilight, or the afternoon, as said in the poem. Often times, and how Ive interpret it, the season, plus the time of day freighter be considered a metaphor for dying. In Dickinsons, Theres a certain Slant of light, she utilize a metered rhyming scheme that follows the pattern of ABCB. Since the poem uses rhyming, its unappealing form. There are four stanzas that near have a hymn- deal rhythm. Its unclear if that was intentional or not collectible the religious metaphors indoors the stanzas.Dickinson utilise trochaic and iambic meters with out the poem. She also used stressed and unstressed syllables. The opening line of the poem, states the title and at the homogeneous time, introduces what the poem is essentially about. The poet goes on to say that the winter light, which slants in through the windows, weighs upon the verbalizers soul uniform the Heft of Cathedral tunes. Organs, with their multiple pipes, strike ears and modify Cathedrals with a sound that often leaves you with a sha deing of unwelcome solemnity and grandiosity. This can leave listeners with an overwhelming olfaction that lays heavy in their existence.The image of winter, as well as the organ music, adds gloom to the poem. Theres a sense of anguish that the speaker is sensation and you believe that a certain slant of light capability connote hope, barely not even sunshine on a winter afternoon could read happiness into the speakers life. Winter itself is a symbol of death and decay, opposed to summer, which is characterized by sunshine and joy. Like the Cathedral tunes, the light reminds her of desolation. The feeling of despair is transported into an auditory feeling, which is where the organs come in. The word heft has ii meanings, weight and significance. It can refer to the cathedral tunes, and also the speaker being weighed down by despair.In the second stanza, the light oppresses her soul it gives her a ethereal woe. The pick up of slanted light is a metaphor for ideas and how it feels to experience depression. This kind of heavenly hurt leaves no scar behind, provided it creates an internal difference that brings a change in demeanor. The phrase ethereal Hurt brings together a feeling of elation and the reality of what the speaker is feeling. The beginning rhyme of this phrase is used as an emphasis.In the third stanza, the starting line ii lines are, None may teach it Any Tis the Seal Despair - This is aspect that no one is able to teach us what death feels like. We can prepare for it, in the sense of what we believe will come after, but the actual physical and mental feeling is unknown. Death is very freakish in the way that we dont know how our lives will end, but its on everyones mind. In the line, An violet distress, Sent us of the Air (11-12) the speaker has made a connection with the winter light, the Heavenly Hurt, and the feeling of internal difference and despair. In Dickinsons poem, an imperial affliction is a metaphor for an all-enc ompassing despair that comes from the air. Whenever we have a strong emotion, like happiness, we tend to see the world around us in a brighter light and over all it makes us feel joyful. If were feeling down, like the speaker of this poem, we see the world as how we feel inside things look unpleasant, and grey and dismal. Were unable to see a ray of hope that is coming through the window in the form of sunshine.In the fourth stanza, when death, or it as the speaker calls it, comes everything listens. When soulfulness dies, those still on this earth sometimes experience stillness in nature, as if the world is on obtain and listening to us. In Dickinsons poem the stillness comes from the slant of light, and the landscape and shadows listen and figuratively hold their breath. The landscape and shadows are personified in this stanza. The capitalization of Landscape and Shadows gives the impression that the speaker is referring to someone she knows. The mood here changes quite a bit co mpared to the first three stanzas of this poem. You get a sense of anticipation instead of despair, and the subjection that the speaker has felt has lifted and now shes feeling light and maybe some what alluring. In the final two lines of the poem, the poet uses sort of a morbid imagery.When it goes, tis like the Distance, On the look of Death. (15-16) Dead people have a distant look to them since the life in their being is at peace(p) somewhere else. We also see the exit of winter light at the end of the day in the same distant way we power see some deaths. Death is mysterious to those on earth, just as the sunset in the heart of winter is. The day is blanketed in shadows due to the suns proximity to earth during this season, and as it sets, its a gradual process, that sometimes leaves the world at a standstill, much like death. The dash at the end serves as emphasis that a layover wouldnt leave behind. As readers, were left with no authorised answers in regards to the light or the speakers internal despair. Dickinson almost made this intentional in a way that the reader might feel an equal despair or oppression at the number of the poem, or the light might leave us with a feeling of enlightenment and hope.At the end of this poem, were left with a feeling of despair, that Dickinson almost made intentional in order for the reader to better understand how the speaker feels as the light breaks through the windows on winter afternoons. Emily Dickinsons use of imagery and metaphors highlights her battle with depression and isolation.Theres a certain Slant of light (about 1861)Emily DickinsonTheres a certain Slant of light,Winter Afternoons That oppresses, like the HeftOf Cathedral Tunes Heavenly Hurt, it gives us We can find no scar,But internal Difference,Where the Meanings, are None may teach it Any Tis the Seal Dispair An imperial afflictionSent us of the Air When it comes, the Landscape listens Shadows hold their breath When it goes, tis like the Distan ceOn the look of Death Works Cited PageKennedy, X. J.. An intromission to poetry. Boston Little, Brown, 1966. Print.

Problem solution essay about teenage pregnacy Essay

The juvenile motherliness rate for 1997 rose all(prenominal) the way up to 62.7 percent, this was the eminentest it has been in years When I first saw this fact I knew something would vex to be done round it. This high gestation period rate in teenagers is in fact a major(ip) problem, because teenagers ar non responsible enough to raise a baby. thither be many possible tooth roots to interrupt teenage pregnancy similar discouraging archaeozoic dating, abstinence, and victimization nascence control and condoms. Although there atomic number 18 all these possible roots the pregnancy rate is still actually high. So we need to evaluate the possible solutions and pick the best one to have on to military service lower the teenage pregnancy rate.What has caused the teenage pregnancy rate to get so high? One debate for very much(prenominal) a high rate is the solutions people suggest that teenagers use to stay fresh getting pregnant. Society advertises teenagers over and over these solutions that are simply insufferable to most teenagers. Also the lack of information on pregnancy as well as causes this higher rate, because teenage girls are not informed enough about how hard being pregnant in truth is. Most teenagers are chichi enough to whap that if they engage in having internal intercourse they have the chance of getting pregnant. They do not realize how big of a life altering change having a baby is though.Possible solutions to help prevent pregnancy are discouraging early dating, abstinence, and using birth control and condoms. Although there are all these solutions not all of them are really reasonable to teenagers. Such as discouraging early dating, the reason this solution does not work is because if a parent tells their teenagers they cannot date they get out still do it behind their back. And the reason that abstinence is really not a good solution is because sometime or another a teenager is going to try having sex no matter wha t their parents tell them. Abstinence is like telling a little kid not to try candy.Teenagers undergo too much peer pressure to avoid having intercourse one time or another through their teenage years. So really the only good solution to help prevent teenage pregnancy is using birth control and condoms. The reason this solution is better than the rest is because it takes away almost all the chance of comme il faut pregnant there is. Even if the teenager is having intercourse if the girl is victorious birthcontrol and if the boy is using condoms there is a very little chance that becoming pregnant is possible.The way to get more than teenagers using birth control and condoms is to inform them about how effective they really are and how well they will work for them if the decide on having sexual intercourse. Birth control is 98 percent effective and so are condoms, so putting the two protections together is super effective. Teenagers need to be intimate how easily they can become pregnant and they also need to know how hard having a baby would be.The solutions are not drastic. Discouraging early dating and abstinence are some solutions that are not highly effective and the main solution to help prevent pregnancy is using birth control and condoms as long as we get this solution out to the kids and inform them about these methods of protection. The pregnancy rate in teenagers is much to high so these solutions need to start being carried out so this rate is lowered drastically. Most teenagers really do not deduct how big of a life change they will undergo if pregnancy enters their life.

Eating Disorders: Mass Media and Its Influence on Body Image Essay

The influence and power of mass media in shaping perceptions nearly issues is uncontested. In the recent years however, there argon questions being elevated about the kind of information media, especially the commercial mass media, is alimentation its viewers particularly those in their adolescence. More and to a dandyer extent cases of devouring unhinges fox surfaced in the latter years. More practically than non, the victims of such disorders report that it was moving picture and desire to be like the skinny models and celebrities that influenced them to diet, binge, purge and apply forceful measures such as process and starvation diets in order to misplace charge.Just recently, Jennifer Love Hewitt made headlines when she hit out at criticisms of her cargo later on a non-so-flattering photo of her in a bikini surfaced on clippings and the Internet. Her statement Size 2 is not fat has been welcomed and praised by an an otherwise(prenominal)(prenominal) celebrit ies who feel that the media has been exerting undue pressure on women to be slim harmonise to what ar often unattainable regulars (Slonim & Chiu, 2007). on that point atomic number 18 researchers who claim that the rising slope numbers of take ining disorders among pre-teens and adolescents argon ca employ by the continued portrayal of dish as lithesome in media.It is according to researchers, this very portrayal of thin that fosters a trend of dust dissatisfaction among women particularly those in their adolescence (Forbes, Doroszewicz, Card & Adams-Curtis, 2004). What is frame compute and why does it seem so important to muckle? form image is defined as how individuals view and judge their own ainized appearance (Morrison, Kalin & Morrison, 2004). This includes personal thoughts, feelings and behaviors directed towards ones own body (Botta, 2003).This perception is further broken down into two types the body image evaluation or the way a person critically evaluates his or her own visible appearance, and the body image investment, or the things that people do to manage or enhance the way they look(Morrison, Kalin & Morrison, 2004). Peoples body images today run alongside perceptions of self-worth. If one doesnt conciliate the stereotypical standard of beauty, it automatically makes an individual feel outcast and ugly.There are two ways by which media may affect a persons perception of physical appearances in terms of exercising freight the first is by featuring thin and beautiful people/celebrities art object the other is to feature conspicuously fat people who are often delineate in comical situations (Harrison, 2000, p. 125). In the study conducted by Harrison in 2000, it was revealed that unfledged adolescent girls who were exposed to media featuring stick thin celebrities experienced dissatisfaction with their own personal appearances.Those who were exposed to shows featuring conspicuously fat people showed an increase tendency towa rd eat disorders such as anorexia and bulimia (pp137-138). What are eating disorders? Eating disorders confer with to conditions describing a persons food consumption behaviors that are considered abnormal. It covers whether people eat too much, or not at all including whether they reading purging after meals. The two approximately common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa. The primary goal of people suffering from anorexia nervosa is to achieve level best tip firing as possible (Palmer, 2003, p. ).It is important to take abide by that there is a remainder between anorexia and anorexia nervosa. Anorexia pertains to a true simplification of hunger due to other factors such as illness or opinion that thereby makes loss of appetite fairly normal and expected. The nervosa in anorexia nervosa is an indicator of a more complex relationship between a persons eating behavior and the desire to lose weight (p. 6). People suffering from ano rexia nervosa panic at any sign of weight get together and very often fail to realize plainly how abnormally skinny they are getting.Weight loss becomes compulsive. Each pound loss and food denied is a victory for people with anorexia nervosa. They are often give to obsessive dieting and exercise convinced that what little food they eat will turn them into obese slobs (Smith, 2004, p. 6) binge-eating syndrome Nervosa. Like Anorexia, the focus of Bulimia nervosa is as much weight loss as possiblethe difference is that sufferers of Bulimia nervosa ware discovered that they can lose more weight quickly if they immediately expel what food they capture eaten.Bulimics too go through a series of binge-and-purge wherein they undergo periods of eating large amounts of food, thus getting rid of it through purging (Farley, 1992). Purging is done through self-induced vomiting or the use of enemas and laxatives for forced evacuation. Often, bulimia nervosa comes soon after the onset of anorexia nervosa (p. 15). In contrast to the disorders associated with weight loss, there are similarly eating disorders where its sufferers do the opposite and eat compulsively. replete Eating swage (BED). BED is demonstrated by a strong compulsion to eat without any restraint.Stress and strong emotions usually bring on these periods. Binge eaters usually feel dissatisfaction until they affirm answered the urge to eat. However, once having eaten, binge eaters often feel self-hate, shame and personal disgust leading to more depression (Palmer, 2003, p. 7). The integration of commerce, advertising and marketing in media also has its share of the nibble in the way adolescents view their bodies. Famous actors and actresses have been employed in the promotion of various products from cigarettes to acne pr veritable(a)tion treatments.Such move appeals to most adolescents who search to emulate the image their idols project. eon not all adolescents are temptable to celebrity and bo dy images projected by the media, those suffering from social and physical anxieties in supplement to low self-esteem are often more vulnerable to being affected by body images present in the media. These people often end up having distorted views of their physical selves and are more prone to developing eating disorders (David & Johnson, 1998, p. 53).Emulation of a standard set by a beauty icon is not plainly limited to living and breathing celebrities. In fact one of the more famous icons that have been used to represent beauty and all the privileges that are perceived to come with it may be found in most two-year-old girls toy boxes. Barbie, the thin but curvaceous doll with the light blue eyes, long blonde hairs-breadth, gorgeous tan and long legs so admired and desired by their human counter parts has forever remained a favorite toy among young girls who often project their rivalrys and action wishes onto Barbie as they play pretend.Little girls would brush Barbies sil ky blond hair and dress her up for her dates with the very handsome and muscular Ken. While pretend play is considered to be fairly normal and may even be considered wellnessy creativity-wise, there are times when the pretense is carried a bit far and extends beyond normal play to the point of crown of thorns into real life. In December 2006, an article appeared in English impertinentlyspaper publisher the Daily Mail telling of an interview with Human Barbie Sarah Burge (Im the Human Barbie, 2006, p. 22).In it, Sarah admitted to having had about 26 plastic surgery procedures in spite of appearance the twenty years costing approximately GBP 180,000, even candidly stating that in her whole body, only her feet remained in their virgin state. When asked what she thinks of the label human Barbie Sarah just beans with pride. I find it extremely flattering, she says. Barbie is very beautiful, glamorous and fun. What woman wouldnt want to be all those things? (p. 22) Burge also goes t o point out the surplus connection of her being born in the same year the Mattel union launched the Barbie doll.Tom Knott (1997,p. 2) of the Washington Times probably best sums up the prim but mostly unrealistic and unattainable qualities of Barbie that have been the envy and ambition of females young and old alike Barbie has had it all for 38 years the great looks and body, plus the devotion of the equally flawless Ken. It has been a zit-free run. Nothing shitty ever happened to Barbie. She did not develop complexion problems. She did not gain weight. She did not start to sag. She did not wake up to find facial hair on her upper lip. She looked as good in the morning as she did at night. Knott, 1997, p. 2) Botta (2003) explains that the problem lies in the fact that women are judged for thinness while mens masculinity is measured against a rising ethnic ideal stereotype of V-shaped muscularity.Botta further states that the connection between exposure to womens and mens wellnes s and fitness magazines to increasing body dissatisfaction and cases of eating disorders among its readers have already been proven by several studies (Andersen & DiDomenico, 1992 Nemeroff, Stein, Diehl, & Smilack, 1994, Levine, Smolak & Hayden, 1994). Botta, 2003) In addition to these, Botta decries the irony in all these studies was that of all the types of magazines used in the studies, it was the health magazines that presented more stimulus and inducements for their readers to do more body harm. For boys, reading was joined to increased muscularity, which means that the more time they spent reading health/fitness magazines, the more they intended to or took pills and supplements in order to gain muscle and the more committed they were to being muscular.For girls, health/fitness magazine reading was linked to a stronger drive to be thin and to increased anorexic and bulimic intentions and behaviors such as vomiting, abusing laxatives, and fasting. (Botta, 2003) Conclusion Adole scence is well cognise to be a fragile and confusing phase that everybody has to go through. In seeking to fit in with their peers as well as have an image that is acceptable to all, it is not unusual for young people to approximate and attain qualities that will make them attractive personally and socially to other people. The idea of beauty with all its accompanying privileges is not a new one.Neither is the fact that people will try to copy or emulate others whom they feel are everything they would want to be. It is a fact that marketers and advertisers are paid to make their wares attractive in whatever way possible. It is also another fact that media survives and makes money through the patronization of advertisers. However, there must and should be a point where the responsibility towards the audience especially those who do not sufficiently possess proper discernment must be factored into the equation. In the recent years, reports of fashion models that have died due to som e eating disorder abound.There have been steps to ban stick thin models from the runway, a ban that is yet to be implemented by all the major(ip) fashion houses. Young and highly impressionable children are often plopped in front of the television often without any supervision. If adolescents can be so easily swayed by exposure to media, what more of these young kids? Already, news reports of children as young as seven being treated for eating disorders have surfaced (Girl of Seven in Diet Danger, 2006) It is frightening the way 0 can actually be considered a dress size.Even more frightening when media portrays thin celebrities as beautiful and leading glamorous, exciting lives. What person, young or old, would not want that? Currently however, the way that even celebrities who used to be the standard by which beauty is judged are now face harsh criticism from their contemporaries is alarming in more ways than one. If celebrities who can afford high priced professional trainers, di ets, gym memberships and plastic surgery can still be adjudged negatively, what more of those who do not have access or simply cannot afford all these beauty help?